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on both occasions

  • 1 both

    [bouth] adj., pron., adv., conj. -adj. të dy; si njëri dhe tjetri; on both occasions në të dyja rastet; you can't have it both ways duhet të zgjedhësh o njërin o tjetrin. -pron. që të dy; both belong to him që të dyja janë të tijat; both of us/you/them ne/ju/ata të dy. -adv. bashkë; njëlloj; he can both sing and dance ai këndon dhe kërcen njëkohësisht. -conj. gjithashtu, po ashtu; he is both strong and healthy ai ështëi fortë e i shëndetshëm gjithashtu
    * * *
    të dy

    English-Albanian dictionary > both

  • 2 Harrison, John

    [br]
    b. 24 March 1693 Foulby, Yorkshire, England
    d. 24 March 1776 London, England
    [br]
    English horologist who constructed the first timekeeper of sufficient accuracy to determine longitude at sea and invented the gridiron pendulum for temperature compensation.
    [br]
    John Harrison was the son of a carpenter and was brought up to that trade. He was largely self-taught and learned mechanics from a copy of Nicholas Saunderson's lectures that had been lent to him. With the assistance of his younger brother, James, he built a series of unconventional clocks, mainly of wood. He was always concerned to reduce friction, without using oil, and this influenced the design of his "grasshopper" escapement. He also invented the "gridiron" compensation pendulum, which depended on the differential expansion of brass and steel. The excellent performance of his regulator clocks, which incorporated these devices, convinced him that they could also be used in a sea dock to compete for the longitude prize. In 1714 the Government had offered a prize of £20,000 for a method of determining longitude at sea to within half a degree after a voyage to the West Indies. In theory the longitude could be found by carrying an accurate timepiece that would indicate the time at a known longitude, but the requirements of the Act were very exacting. The timepiece would have to have a cumulative error of no more than two minutes after a voyage lasting six weeks.
    In 1730 Harrison went to London with his proposal for a sea clock, supported by examples of his grasshopper escapement and his gridiron pendulum. His proposal received sufficient encouragement and financial support, from George Graham and others, to enable him to return to Barrow and construct his first sea clock, which he completed five years later. This was a large and complicated machine that was made out of brass but retained the wooden wheelwork and the grasshopper escapement of the regulator clocks. The two balances were interlinked to counteract the rolling of the vessel and were controlled by helical springs operating in tension. It was the first timepiece with a balance to have temperature compensation. The effect of temperature change on the timekeeping of a balance is more pronounced than it is for a pendulum, as two effects are involved: the change in the size of the balance; and the change in the elasticity of the balance spring. Harrison compensated for both effects by using a gridiron arrangement to alter the tension in the springs. This timekeeper performed creditably when it was tested on a voyage to Lisbon, and the Board of Longitude agreed to finance improved models. Harrison's second timekeeper dispensed with the use of wood and had the added refinement of a remontoire, but even before it was tested he had embarked on a third machine. The balance of this machine was controlled by a spiral spring whose effective length was altered by a bimetallic strip to compensate for changes in temperature. In 1753 Harrison commissioned a London watchmaker, John Jefferys, to make a watch for his own personal use, with a similar form of temperature compensation and a modified verge escapement that was intended to compensate for the lack of isochronism of the balance spring. The time-keeping of this watch was surprisingly good and Harrison proceeded to build a larger and more sophisticated version, with a remontoire. This timekeeper was completed in 1759 and its performance was so remarkable that Harrison decided to enter it for the longitude prize in place of his third machine. It was tested on two voyages to the West Indies and on both occasions it met the requirements of the Act, but the Board of Longitude withheld half the prize money until they had proof that the timekeeper could be duplicated. Copies were made by Harrison and by Larcum Kendall, but the Board still continued to prevaricate and Harrison received the full amount of the prize in 1773 only after George III had intervened on his behalf.
    Although Harrison had shown that it was possible to construct a timepiece of sufficient accuracy to determine longitude at sea, his solution was too complex and costly to be produced in quantity. It had, for example, taken Larcum Kendall two years to produce his copy of Harrison's fourth timekeeper, but Harrison had overcome the psychological barrier and opened the door for others to produce chronometers in quantity at an affordable price. This was achieved before the end of the century by Arnold and Earnshaw, but they used an entirely different design that owed more to Le Roy than it did to Harrison and which only retained Harrison's maintaining power.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Royal Society Copley Medal 1749.
    Bibliography
    1767, The Principles of Mr Harrison's Time-keeper, with Plates of the Same, London. 1767, Remarks on a Pamphlet Lately Published by the Rev. Mr Maskelyne Under the
    Authority of the Board of Longitude, London.
    1775, A Description Concerning Such Mechanisms as Will Afford a Nice or True Mensuration of Time, London.
    Further Reading
    R.T.Gould, 1923, The Marine Chronometer: Its History and Development, London; reprinted 1960, Holland Press.
    —1978, John Harrison and His Timekeepers, 4th edn, London: National Maritime Museum.
    H.Quill, 1966, John Harrison, the Man who Found Longitude, London. A.G.Randall, 1989, "The technology of John Harrison's portable timekeepers", Antiquarian Horology 18:145–60, 261–77.
    J.Betts, 1993, John Harrison London (a good short account of Harrison's work). S.Smiles, 1905, Men of Invention and Industry; London: John Murray, Chapter III. Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. IX, pp. 35–6.
    DV

    Biographical history of technology > Harrison, John

  • 3 कचः _kacḥ

    कचः [कच्यन्ते बध्यन्ते इति कचः, कच्-अच्]
    1 Hair (especially of the head); कचेषु च निगृह्यैतान् Mb.; see ˚ग्रह below; अलिनीजिष्णुः कचानां चयः Bh.1.5.
    -2 A dry or healed sore, scar.
    -3 A binding, band.
    -4 The hem of a garment.
    -5 A cloud.
    -6 N. of a son of Brihaspati. [In their long warfare with the demons, the gods were often times defeated, and rendered quite helpless. But such of the demons as would be slain in battle were restored to life by Śukrāchārya, their preceptor, by means of a mystic charm which he alone possessed. The gods resolved to secure, if possible, this charm for themselves, and induced Kacha to go to Śukrāchārya and learn it from him by becoming his disciple. So Kacha went to the preceptor, but the demons killed Kacha twice lest he should succeed in mastering the lore; but on both occasions he was restored to life by the sage at the intercession of Devayānī, his daughter, who had fallen in love with the youth. Thus discomfited the Asuras killed him a third time, burnt his body, and mixed his ashes with Śukra's wine; but Devayānī again begged her father to restore to life the youth. Not being able to resist his daughter's importunities, Śukra once more performed the charm, and, to his surprise, heard the voice of Kacha issuing from his own belly. To save his own life the sage taught him the much- coveted charm, and, on the belly of Śukra being ripped open, Kacha performed the charm and restored his master to life. Devayānī thence forward began to make stronger advances of love to him, but he steadily resisted her proposals, telling her that she was to him as a younger sister. She thereupon cursed him that the great charm he had learnt would be powerless; he, in return, cursed her that she should be sought by no Brāhmaṇa, but would become a Kṣatriya's wife.]
    -चा 1 A female elephant; करिण्यां तु कचा स्त्रियाम् । मेदिनी.
    -2 Beauty, splendour.
    -Comp. -अग्रम् curls, end of hair.
    -आचित a. having dishevelled hair; कचाचितौ विष्वगिवागजौ गजौ Ki.1.36.
    -आमोदः a. fragrant ointment of the hair (वाळा).
    -ग्रहः seizing the hair, seizing (one) by the hair; Mb.5.155.5; R.1.47, पलायनच्छलान्यञ्जसेति रुरुधुः कचग्रहैः R.19.31.
    -पः 1 'cloud drinker', grass.
    -2 a leaf. (
    -पम्) a vessel for vegetables.
    -पक्षः, -पाशः, -हस्तः thick or orna- mented hair; (according to Ak. these three words denote a collection; पाशः, पक्षश्च हस्तश्च कलापार्थाः कचात्परे).
    -मालः smoke.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > कचः _kacḥ

  • 4 Langley, Samuel Pierpont

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 22 August 1834 Roxbury, Massachusetts, USA
    d. 27 February 1906 Aiken, South Carolina, USA
    [br]
    American scientist who built an unsuccessful aeroplane in 1903, just before the success of the Wright brothers.
    [br]
    Professor Langley was a distinguished mathematician and astronomer who became Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution (US National Museum) in 1887. He was also interested in aviation and embarked on a programme of experiments with a whirling arm to test wings and with a series of free-flying models. In 1896 one of his steam-powered models made a flight of 4,199 ft (1,280 m): this led to a grant from the Government to subsidize the construction of a manned aeroplane. Langley commissioned Stephen M. Balzer, an automobile engine designer, to build a lightweight aero-engine and appointed his assistant, Charles M.Manly, to oversee the project. After many variations, including rotary and radical designs, two versions of the Balzer-Manly engine were produced, one quarter size and one full size. In August 1903 the small engine powered a model which thus became the first petrol-engined aeroplane to fly. Langley designed his full-size aeroplane (which he called an Aerodrome) with tandem wings and a cruciform tail unit. The Balzer-Manly engine drove two pusher propellers. Manly was to be the pilot as Langley was now almost 70 years old. Most early aviators tested their machines by making tentative hops, but Langley decided to launch his Aerodrome by catapult from the roof of a houseboat on the Potomac river. Two attempts were made and on both occasions the Aerodrome crashed into the river: catapult problems and perhaps a structural weakness were to blame. The second crash occurred on 8 December 1903 and it is ironic that the Wright brothers, with limited funds and no Government support, successfully achieved a manned flight just nine days later. Langley was heartbroken. After his death there followed a strange affair in 1914 when Glenn Curtiss took Langley's Aerodrome, modified it, and tried to prove that but for the faulty catapult it would have flown before the Wrights' Flyer. A brief flight was made with floats instead of the catapult, and it flew rather better after more extensive modifications and a new engine.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1897, Langley Memoir on Mechanical Flight, Part 1, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution; 1911, Part 2.
    Further Reading
    J.Gordon Vaeth, 1966, Langley: Man of Science and Flight, New York (biography).
    Charles H. Gibbs-Smith, 1985, Aviation, London (includes an analysis of Langley's work).
    Tom D.Crouch, 1981, A Dream of Wings, New York.
    Robert B.Meyer Jr (ed.), 1971, Langley's Aero Engine of 1903, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Annals of Flight, No. 6 (provides details about the engine).
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Langley, Samuel Pierpont

  • 5 ocasión

    f.
    1 occasion, instance, chance, opportunity.
    2 motive, reason, cause.
    * * *
    1 (momento) occasion
    2 (oportunidad) opportunity, chance
    ■ cómpralo, aprovecha la ocasión buy it while you've got the chance
    3 COMERCIO bargain
    4 (motivo) reason
    \
    de ocasión (de segunda mano) second-hand 2 (barato) cut-price, at bargain prices
    en cierta ocasión once, on one occasion
    la ocasión hace al ladrón opportunity makes the thief
    a la ocasión la pintan calva strike while the iron is hot
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=vez) occasion
    2) (=oportunidad) chance, opportunity

    aprovechar la ocasión — to take one's chance, seize one's opportunity

    3) (=motivo) cause
    4)

    de ocasión — (Com) secondhand, used

    5) LAm (=ganga) bargain

    precio de ocasión — bargain price, reduced price

    * * *
    1)
    a) (vez, circunstancia) occasion
    b) ( momento oportuno) opportunity
    2) ( ganga) bargain

    muebles de ocasión — ( usados) secondhand furniture; ( baratos) cut-price furniture

    coches de ocasión — used o secondhand cars

    * * *
    = occasion, time, chance.
    Ex. As with author headings, sometimes one heading or title will be both sought and provide collocation, but on other occasions there will be a conflict between soughtness' and collocation.
    Ex. Because reorganisation allows the optimization of update and searching procedures, it moves the maintenance to a time when it does not affect the operation of the system.
    Ex. In some authority files (titles, ISBN/ISSN, national bibliographic record numbers), no search of the file is made because there is little chance of finding the new entry in the file.
    ----
    * aprovechándose de la ocasión = opportunistically.
    * aprovechar la ocasión = use + the occasion.
    * celebrar la ocasión = mark + the occasion.
    * celebrar una ocasión especial = mark + a special occasion.
    * coche de ocasión = used car, second-hand car.
    * con ocasión de = on the occasion of.
    * crear una ocasión = create + opportunity.
    * de ocasión = second-hand [secondhand].
    * desperdiciar una ocasión = kill + chance.
    * en alguna ocasión = on any one occasion.
    * en aquellas ocasiones cuando = on occasions when.
    * en ciertas ocasiones = at certain times.
    * en contadas ocasiones = rarely, seldom, on rare occasions.
    * en determinadas ocasiones = sometimes, on particular occasions.
    * en diferentes ocasiones = at different times, at various times.
    * en distintas ocasiones = at different times, at various times, on several occasions.
    * en diversas ocasiones = on several occasions.
    * en esta ocasión = on this occasion.
    * en más de una ocasión = on more than one occasion, in more than one instance, in more than one occasion.
    * en + Número + ocasión = on + Número + occasion.
    * en ocasiones = on occasion(s).
    * en ocasiones determinadas = on any one occasion.
    * en otra ocasión = in another context, some other time.
    * en otras ocasiones = at other times.
    * en raras ocasiones = in rare cases.
    * en toda ocasión = at every turn.
    * en vairadas ocasiones = on several occasions.
    * en varias ocasiones = on several occasions.
    * hecho para una única ocasión = one shot.
    * la ocasión la pintan calva = make + hay while the sun shines.
    * ocasión + dar lugar a = occasion + give rise to.
    * para otra ocasión = for future reference.
    * para una única ocasión = one-time.
    * presentarse una ocasión = occasion + arise.
    * según surja la ocasión = as the occasion arises.
    * ser una buena ocasión para + Infinitivo = be a good time to + Infinitivo.
    * sólo en una ocasión = on a one-time basis.
    * surgir una ocasión = occasion + arise.
    * tener la ocasión de = have + opportunity to.
    * una mejor ocasión = a better time.
    * vendedor de coches de ocasión = second-hand car dealer, used-car dealer.
    * vestirse para la ocasión = dress + the part.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (vez, circunstancia) occasion
    b) ( momento oportuno) opportunity
    2) ( ganga) bargain

    muebles de ocasión — ( usados) secondhand furniture; ( baratos) cut-price furniture

    coches de ocasión — used o secondhand cars

    * * *
    = occasion, time, chance.

    Ex: As with author headings, sometimes one heading or title will be both sought and provide collocation, but on other occasions there will be a conflict between soughtness' and collocation.

    Ex: Because reorganisation allows the optimization of update and searching procedures, it moves the maintenance to a time when it does not affect the operation of the system.
    Ex: In some authority files (titles, ISBN/ISSN, national bibliographic record numbers), no search of the file is made because there is little chance of finding the new entry in the file.
    * aprovechándose de la ocasión = opportunistically.
    * aprovechar la ocasión = use + the occasion.
    * celebrar la ocasión = mark + the occasion.
    * celebrar una ocasión especial = mark + a special occasion.
    * coche de ocasión = used car, second-hand car.
    * con ocasión de = on the occasion of.
    * crear una ocasión = create + opportunity.
    * de ocasión = second-hand [secondhand].
    * desperdiciar una ocasión = kill + chance.
    * en alguna ocasión = on any one occasion.
    * en aquellas ocasiones cuando = on occasions when.
    * en ciertas ocasiones = at certain times.
    * en contadas ocasiones = rarely, seldom, on rare occasions.
    * en determinadas ocasiones = sometimes, on particular occasions.
    * en diferentes ocasiones = at different times, at various times.
    * en distintas ocasiones = at different times, at various times, on several occasions.
    * en diversas ocasiones = on several occasions.
    * en esta ocasión = on this occasion.
    * en más de una ocasión = on more than one occasion, in more than one instance, in more than one occasion.
    * en + Número + ocasión = on + Número + occasion.
    * en ocasiones = on occasion(s).
    * en ocasiones determinadas = on any one occasion.
    * en otra ocasión = in another context, some other time.
    * en otras ocasiones = at other times.
    * en raras ocasiones = in rare cases.
    * en toda ocasión = at every turn.
    * en vairadas ocasiones = on several occasions.
    * en varias ocasiones = on several occasions.
    * hecho para una única ocasión = one shot.
    * la ocasión la pintan calva = make + hay while the sun shines.
    * ocasión + dar lugar a = occasion + give rise to.
    * para otra ocasión = for future reference.
    * para una única ocasión = one-time.
    * presentarse una ocasión = occasion + arise.
    * según surja la ocasión = as the occasion arises.
    * ser una buena ocasión para + Infinitivo = be a good time to + Infinitivo.
    * sólo en una ocasión = on a one-time basis.
    * surgir una ocasión = occasion + arise.
    * tener la ocasión de = have + opportunity to.
    * una mejor ocasión = a better time.
    * vendedor de coches de ocasión = second-hand car dealer, used-car dealer.
    * vestirse para la ocasión = dress + the part.

    * * *
    A
    1 (vez, circunstancia) occasion
    en alguna ocasión occasionally o on occasion
    con ocasión de la inauguración on the occasion of the inauguration
    un traje para las grandes ocasiones a suit for special occasions
    2 (momento oportuno) opportunity
    ésta es una buena ocasión para decírselo this is a good opportunity o chance o moment to tell him
    no dejes escapar esta ocasión don't pass up o miss this opportunity o chance
    no tuve ocasión de hablarle I didn't have an opportunity o a chance to talk to him
    en la primera ocasión que surja at the first available opportunity
    cogió la ocasión al vuelo she seized the opportunity
    a la ocasión la pintan calva you have to strike while the iron is hot, make the most of the chances that come your way
    la ocasión hace al ladrón opportunity makes the thief
    B (ganga) bargain
    es una auténtica ocasión it's a real bargain
    precios de ocasión bargain prices
    muebles de ocasión (usados) secondhand furniture; (baratos) cut-rate o ( BrE) cut-price furniture
    coches de ocasión used o secondhand cars
    * * *

     

    ocasión sustantivo femenino
    1
    a) (vez, circunstancia) occasion;


    en alguna ocasión occasionally

    ◊ no tuve ocasión de hablarle I didn't have an opportunity o a chance to talk to him

    2 ( ganga) bargain;


    ‹ muebles› ( usados) secondhand;
    ( baratos) cut-rate o (BrE) cut-price;
    ‹ coches› secondhand
    ocasión sustantivo femenino
    1 (circunstancia) occasion: en una ocasión me dijo que..., once he told me that...
    2 (coyuntura favorable) opportunity, chance: no tuve ocasión de decírselo, I didn't have the chance to tell him ➣ Ver nota en opportunity 3 Com bargain
    coches de ocasión, second-hand cars
    precios de ocasión, discount prices
    ♦ Locuciones: con ocasión de..., on the occasion of...
    ' ocasión' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aprovechar
    - desperdiciar
    - día
    - lugar
    - momento
    - presentarse
    - reservarse
    - sazón
    - siempre
    - única
    - único
    - vestirse
    - vez
    - amargar
    - apropiado
    - cierto
    - comida
    - dar
    - librería
    - perder
    - por
    - prestar
    - realce
    - trascendental
    English:
    boat
    - occasion
    - opportunity
    - previous
    - affair
    * * *
    1. [oportunidad] opportunity, chance;
    una ocasión de oro a golden opportunity;
    una ocasión irrepetible an unrepeatable opportunity;
    aprovechar una ocasión to take advantage of an opportunity;
    estaba esperando una buena ocasión para preguntarle I was waiting for a suitable opportunity to ask him;
    en o [m5] a la primera ocasión at the first opportunity;
    tener ocasión de hacer algo to have the chance to do sth;
    apenas tuve ocasión de hablar con ella I scarcely had the chance to speak to her;
    no tuvimos ocasión de vernos we didn't have the chance to meet up;
    Fam
    la ocasión la pintan calva this is my/your/ etc big chance;
    tenía ganas de ir a París y al tener unos días de vacaciones pensé, la ocasión la pintan calva I was keen to go to Paris and since I had a few days off I thought it's now or never;
    Esp Fam
    coger la ocasión por los pelos to seize the opportunity (by the scruff of the neck);
    quien quita la ocasión quita el peligro opportunity makes the thief
    2. [momento] moment, time;
    [vez] occasion;
    en dos ocasiones on two occasions;
    en alguna ocasión sometimes;
    en ocasiones sometimes, at times;
    en otra ocasión some other time
    3. [motivo]
    con ocasión de on the occasion of;
    dar ocasión para algo/para hacer algo to give cause for sth/to do sth;
    no le des ocasión para regañarte don't give him cause to tell you off
    4. [ganga] bargain;
    automóviles de ocasión second-hand o used cars
    * * *
    f
    1 occasion;
    con ocasión de on the occasion of;
    en ocasiones on occasion
    2 ( oportunidad) chance, opportunity;
    la ocasión hace al ladrón fam don’t put temptation in a thief’s way;
    la ocasión la pintan calva fam strike while the iron is hot fam
    3 COM
    :
    de ocasión cut-price, bargain atr ; de segunda mano second-hand, used
    * * *
    ocasión nf, pl - siones
    1) : occasion, time
    2) : opportunity, chance
    3) : bargain
    4)
    de ocasión : secondhand
    5)
    aviso de ocasión Mex : classified ad
    * * *
    1. (vez) time / occasion
    2. (oportunidad) chance / opportunity [pl. opportunities]
    de ocasión cheap / cut price

    Spanish-English dictionary > ocasión

  • 6 Gelegenheit

    f
    1. opportunity, chance; (Anlass) occasion; bei Gelegenheit (irgendwann) some time; (wenn möglich) when I etc. get a chance; bei dieser Gelegenheit lernte ich ihn kennen that’s when I got to know him; bei dieser Gelegenheit möchte ich... I’d like to take this opportunity to (+ Inf.) ( oder of [+ Ger.]); bei dieser Gelegenheit möchte ich bemerken... I’d like to take this opportunity to say ( oder of saying)...; bei der ersten Gelegenheit as soon as I etc. can, the first chance I etc. get umg., at the earliest opportunity geh.; bei solchen Gelegenheiten at such times; bei jeder sich bietenden / passenden und unpassenden Gelegenheit at any and every opportunity, at the drop of a hat; Gelegenheit haben zu (+ Inf.) have the opportunity ( oder chance) to (+ Inf.) die Gelegenheit ergreifen oder wahrnehmen, nutzen zu (+ Inf.) take the opportunity to (+ Inf.) ( oder of [+ Ger.]); die Gelegenheit ungenutzt verstreichen lassen pass up the opportunity; sie hat die Gelegenheit beim Schopf gepackt she seized the opportunity; jemandem Gelegenheit geben zu (+ Inf.) give s.o. the opportunity to (+ Inf.) ( oder of + Ger.), give s.o. a ( oder the) chance to (+ Inf.) es bot sich eine Gelegenheit an opportunity came up ( oder presented itself); ein Kleid für besondere Gelegenheiten a dress for special occasions; Gelegenheit macht Diebe Sprichw. opportunity makes the thief; Gelegenheit zum 3:0 SPORT chance to make it 3-0 (= three nil, Am. three to nothing)
    2. WIRTS. (günstiges Angebot) bargain
    * * *
    die Gelegenheit
    (Anlass) occasion;
    (Möglichkeit) chance; way; opportunity
    * * *
    Ge|le|gen|heit [gə'leːgnhait]
    f -, -en
    1) (= günstiger Umstand, Zeitpunkt) opportunity

    bei Gelégenheit — some time (or other)

    bei passender Gelégenheit — when the opportunity arises

    bei passender Gelégenheit werde ich... — when I get the opportunity or chance I'll...

    bei der ersten ( besten) Gelégenheit — at the first opportunity

    (die) Gelégenheit haben — to get an or the opportunity or a or the chance (etw zu tun to do sth)

    jdm (die) Gelégenheit geben or bieten — to give sb an or the opportunity or a or the chance (etw zu tun to do sth)

    Gelégenheit macht Diebe (Prov) — opportunity makes a thief

    2) (= Anlass) occasion

    bei dieser Gelégenheit — on this occasion

    ein Kleid für alle Gelégenheiten — a dress suitable for all occasions

    See:
    → Schopf
    3) (COMM) bargain
    * * *
    die
    1) (a particular time: I've heard him speak on several occasions.) occasion
    2) (an opportunity for work: There are good openings in the automobile industry.) opening
    3) (a chance to do or a time for doing (something): an opportunity to go to Rome; You've had several opportunities to ask him.) opportunity
    4) (a need or possibility (for something): There is room for improvement in his work.) room
    * * *
    Ge·le·gen·heit
    <-, -en>
    [gəˈle:gn̩hait]
    f
    1. (günstiger Moment) opportunity
    bei der nächsten [o ersten [besten]] \Gelegenheit at the first opportunity
    bei nächster \Gelegenheit at the next opportunity
    bei passender \Gelegenheit at an opportune moment, when the opportunity arises
    jdm die \Gelegenheit bieten [o geben], etw zu tun to give sb the opportunity of doing [or to do] sth
    die \Gelegenheit haben, etw zu tun to have the opportunity of doing [or to do] sth
    bei \Gelegenheit some time
    2. (Anlass) occasion
    bei dieser \Gelegenheit on this occasion
    3. (günstiges Angebot) bargain
    4.
    ▶ \Gelegenheit macht Diebe (prov) opportunity makes a thief
    ▶ die \Gelegenheit beim Schopf[e] fassen [o (fam) packen] [o (geh) ergreifen] to seize [or grab] the opportunity with both hands
    * * *
    die; Gelegenheit, Gelegenheiten

    die Gelegenheit nutzen — make the most of the opportunity

    die Gelegenheit beim Schopf[e] fassen od. ergreifen — grab or seize the opportunity with both hands

    2) (Anlass) occasion
    * * *
    1. opportunity, chance; (Anlass) occasion;
    bei Gelegenheit (irgendwann) some time; (wenn möglich) when I etc get a chance;
    bei dieser Gelegenheit lernte ich ihn kennen that’s when I got to know him;
    bei dieser Gelegenheit möchte ich … I’d like to take this opportunity to (+inf) ( oder of [ +ger]);
    bei dieser Gelegenheit möchte ich bemerken … I’d like to take this opportunity to say ( oder of saying) …;
    bei der ersten Gelegenheit as soon as I etc can, the first chance I etc get umg, at the earliest opportunity geh;
    bei jeder sich bietenden/passenden und unpassenden Gelegenheit at any and every opportunity, at the drop of a hat;
    Gelegenheit haben zu (+inf) have the opportunity ( oder chance) to (+inf)
    wahrnehmen, nutzen zu (+inf) take the opportunity to (+inf) ( oder of [ +ger]);
    sie hat die Gelegenheit beim Schopf gepackt she seized the opportunity;
    jemandem Gelegenheit geben zu (+inf) give sb the opportunity to (+inf) ( oder of +ger), give sb a ( oder the) chance to (+inf)
    es bot sich eine Gelegenheit an opportunity came up ( oder presented itself);
    ein Kleid für besondere Gelegenheiten a dress for special occasions;
    Gelegenheit macht Diebe sprichw opportunity makes the thief;
    Gelegenheit zum 3:0 SPORT chance to make it 3-0 (= three nil, US three to nothing)
    2. WIRTSCH (günstiges Angebot) bargain
    * * *
    die; Gelegenheit, Gelegenheiten

    die Gelegenheit beim Schopf[e] fassen od. ergreifen — grab or seize the opportunity with both hands

    2) (Anlass) occasion
    * * *
    f.
    chance n.
    facility n.
    instance n.
    occasion n.
    opportunity n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Gelegenheit

  • 7 rara vez

    adv.
    seldom, infrequently, rarely, hardly ever.
    * * *
    seldom
    * * *
    * * *
    = infrequently, rarely, seldom, uncommonly, on rare occasions
    Ex. Taking into account both indexing and searching effort a KWIC index is most appropriate for an index that will be studied only infrequently.
    Ex. An unsought term is one which a user would rarely, if ever, think of consulting in the A/Z index when formulating his request for information about a particular subject.
    Ex. It can be indexed by the all access-point files in the system catalog, but it is seldom necessary to have more than name, title, and subject indexes.
    Ex. At all periods, but uncommonly before the eighteenth century, the lines of type might be 'leaded', thin strips of typemetal, reglet, or card being slipped in between each one.
    Ex. If either spouse on rare occasions out of frustration or anger slams a door or speaks angry words is it fair to label he or she as an abuser?.
    * * *
    = infrequently, rarely, seldom, uncommonly, on rare occasions

    Ex: Taking into account both indexing and searching effort a KWIC index is most appropriate for an index that will be studied only infrequently.

    Ex: An unsought term is one which a user would rarely, if ever, think of consulting in the A/Z index when formulating his request for information about a particular subject.
    Ex: It can be indexed by the all access-point files in the system catalog, but it is seldom necessary to have more than name, title, and subject indexes.
    Ex: At all periods, but uncommonly before the eighteenth century, the lines of type might be 'leaded', thin strips of typemetal, reglet, or card being slipped in between each one.
    Ex: If either spouse on rare occasions out of frustration or anger slams a door or speaks angry words is it fair to label he or she as an abuser?.

    Spanish-English dictionary > rara vez

  • 8 World War II

    (1939-1945)
       In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.
       In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.
       To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.
       The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.
       Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.
       Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.
       Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.
       Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.
       The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.
       The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.
       Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.
       In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.
       Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > World War II

  • 9 ἐπί

    ἐπί, Thess. (before τ)
    A

    ἐτ IG9(2).517.14

     (iii B. C.), Prep. with gen., dat., and acc., to denote the being upon or supported upon a surface or point.
    A WITH GEN.:
    I of Place,
    1 with Verbs of Rest, upon,

    καθέζετ' ἐ. θρόνου Il.1.536

    ;

    ἧστο.. ὑψοῦ ἐπ' ἀκροτάτης κορυφῆς 13.12

    ;

    ἐ. πύργου ἔστη 16.700

    ;

    κεῖται ἐ. χθονός 20.345

    : without a Verb expressed, ἔγχεα ὄρθ' ἐ. σαυρωτῆρος (sc. σταθέντα)

    ἐλήλατο 10.153

    ; ἔκλαγξαν ὀϊστοὶ ἐπ' ὤμων the arrows on his shoulders, 1.46; ἐ. γῆς, opp. ὑπὸ γῆς, Pl.Lg. 728a: also with Verbs of Motion, where the subject rests upon something, as on a chariot, a horse, a ship, φεύγωμεν ἐφ' ἵππων on our chariot, Il.24.356;

    οὐκ ἂν ἐφ' ὑμετ έρων ὀχέων.. ἵκεσθον 8.455

    ;

    ἄγαγε.. δῶρ' ἐπ' ἀπήνης 24.447

    ;

    ἐπὶ τῆς ἁμάξης.. ὠχέετο Hdt.1.31

    ;

    ἐπὶ τῶν ἵππων ὀχεῖσθαι X.Cyr.4.5.58

    ;

    οὓς κῆρες φορέουσι.. ἐ. νηῶν Il.8.528

    ;

    πέμπειν τινὰς ἐ. τριήροιν X.HG5.4.56

    , etc.;

    ἐπ' ὤμου.. φέρειν Od.10.170

    ; τὴν κλεῖδα περιφέρειν ἐφ' ἑαυτοῦ to carry the key about on his person, Numen. ap. Eus.PE14.7; βαδιοῦνται ἐ. δυοῖν σκελοῖν, ἐφ' ἑνὸς πορεύσονται σκέλους, Pl.Smp. 190d; ἐπ' ἄκρων ὁδοιπορεῖν walk on tiptoe, S.Aj. 1230; of places, upon, if the place is an actual support,

    νέρθε κἀπὶ γῆς ἄνω Id.OT 416

    ; ἐ. τοῦ εὐωνύμον on the left, ἐ. τῶν πλευρῶν on the flanks, X.An.1.8.9,3.2.36; but most freq., in, rarely in Hom., ἐπ' ἀγροῦ in the country. Od. 1.190;

    γᾶς ἐ. ξένας S.OC 1705

     (lyr.);

    νήσου τῆσδ' ἐφ' ἧς ναίει Id.Ph. 613

    ;

    ἐ. ξένας δμωῒς ἐπ' ἀλλοτρίας πόλεος E.Andr. 137

     (lyr.);

    οἱ ἐ. Θρᾴκης σύμμαχοι Th.5.35

    ;

    τοὺς ἐ. τῆς Ἀσίας κατοικοῦντας Isoc.12.103

    ; ἐπ' οἰκήματος κατίσαι, καθῆσθαι, in a brothel, Hdt.2.121.έ, Pl. Chrm. 163b;

    τοὺς ἐ. τῶν οἰκημάτων καθεζομένους Aeschin.1.74

    ;

    ἐ. τῶν ἐργαστηρίων καθίζειν Isoc.7.15

    ; μένειν ἐ. τῆς αὐτῶν (sc. χώρας ) remain in statu quo, Indut. ap. Th.4.118;

    οἱ ἐπ' ἐρημίας λῃστεύοντες Jul. Or.7.210a

    ; later of towns,

    ἐπ' Ἀλεξανδρείας BGU908.16

     (ii A.D.), etc.; sts. also, at or near, ἐπ' αὐτάων (sc. τῶν πηγῶν) Il.22.153;

    κόλπος ὁ ἐ. Ποσιδηΐου Hdt.7.115

    ; αἱ ἐ. Λήμνου ἐπικείμεναι νῆσοι off Lemnos, ib.6 codd.; τὰ ἐ. Θρᾴκης the Thrace- ward region, Th.1.59, cf. IG12.45.17, etc.; ποταμοὶ ἐφ' ὧν ἔξεστιν ἡμῖν ταμιεύεσθαι.. on, i.e. near which.., X.An.2.5.18; ἐ. τῶν τραπεζῶν at the money-changers' tables, Pl.Ap. 17c; in Geom., αἱ ἐφ' ὧν AA BB [ γραμμαί] the lines AA BB, Arist.EN 1132b6, etc.; ἕλιξ ἐφ' ἇς τὰ ΑΒΓΔ a spiral ABCD, Archim.Spir.13 (cf. B.1.1k); also ἐ. τοῦ βάτου in the passage concerning the bush, Ev.Marc.12.26.
    2 in various relations not strictly local, μένειν ἐ. τῆς ἀρχῆς remain in the command, X.Ages.1.37; μένειν ἐ. τινος abide by it, D.4.9; ἐ. τῶν πραγμάτων, ἐ. τοῦ πολεμεῖν εἶναι, to be engaged in.., Id.15.11, Prooem.1; ἐ. ὀνόματος εἶναι bear a name, Id.39.21;

    ἔχεται πόλις ἐ. νόσου S.Ant. 1141

     (lyr.).
    b of ships, ὁρμεῖν ἐπ' ἀγκύρας ride at (i.e. in dependence upon an) anchor, Hdt.7.188; ἐ. προσπόλου μιᾶς χωρεῖν dependent upon an attendant, S.OC 746.
    c with the personal and reflexive Pron., once in Hom.,

    εὔχεσθε.. σιγῇ ἐφ' ὑμείων Il.7.195

    ; later mostly with [ per.] 3rd pers., ἐπ' ἑωυτῶν κεῖσθαι by themselves, Hdt.2.2, cf. 8.32;

    οἰκέειν κώμην Id.5.98

    ;

    ἐ. σφῶν αὐτῶν αὐτόνομοι οἰκεῖν Th.2.63

    ;

    ἵζεσθαι Hdt.9.17

    ;

    ἐφ' ἑαυτῶν πλεῖν Th.8.8

    ; ἐπ' ὑμέων αὐτῶν βαλέσθαι consider it by yourselves, Hdt.3.71, etc.;

    αὐτὴ ἐφ' αὑτῆς σκοποῦσα Th.6.40

    ;

    ἐφ' ἡμῶν αὐτῶν τὸν ἐξετασμὸν ποιεῖσθαι D.18.16

    ; ἐπ' ἑωυτῶν διαλέγονται speak in a dialect of their own, Hdt. 1.142; also

    αὐτοὶ ἐφ' ἑαυτῶν χωρεῖν X. An.2.4.10

    ;

    πράττειν Pl.Prt. 326d

    , cf. Sph. 217c; τὸ ἐφ' ἑαυτῶν μόνον προορώμενοι considering their own interest only, th.1.17.
    d with numerals, to denote the depth of a body of soldiers, ἐ. τεττάρων ταχφῆναι to be drawn up four deep, four in file, X.An.1.2.15, etc.; ἐ. πεντήκοντα ἀσπίδων συνεστραμμένοι, of the Thebansat Leuctra, Id.HG 6.4.12; ἐπ' ὀλίγων τεταγμένοι, i.e. in a long thin line, Id.An.4.8.11;

    οὐκ ἐπ' ὀλίγων ἀσπίδων στρατιὰν παρατεταγμένην Th.7.79

    ; ἐφ' ἑνὸς ἄγειν in single file, X.Cyr.2.4.2, cf. An.5.2.6; rarely of the length of the line,

    ἐ. τεσσάρων ταξάμενοι τὰς ναῦς Th.2.90

    ; in X.,

    ἐγένοντο τὸ μέτωπον ἐ. τριακοσίων.. τὸ δὲ βάθος ἐφ' ἑκατόν Cyr.2.4.2

    ; πλεῖν ἐ. κέρως, ἐ. κέρας, v. infr. c.1.3; ἐ. φάλαγγος γίγνεται τὸ στράτευμα is formed in column, An.4.6.6, etc. (but in E.Ph. 1467, ἀσπίδων ἔπι is merely in or under arms): hence, generally, ἐ. ὀκτὼ πλίνθων τὸ εὖρος eight bricks wide, X.An.7.8.14.
    e c. gen. pers., before, in presence of,

    ἐ. μαρτύρων.. πράσσεταί τι Antipho 2.3.8

    ;

    ἐξελέγχεσθαι ἐ. πάντων D.25.36

    ; so, before a magistrate or official,

    ἐ. τοῦ στρατηγοῦ POxy. 38.11

     (i A.D.), cf. UPZ71.15 (ii B.C.), Ev.Matt.28.14;

    γράψομαί σε ἐ. Ῥαδαμάνθυος Luc.Cat.18

    ;

    τινὰ εἰς δίκην καὶ κρίσιν ἐ. τῶν στρατοπέδων προκαλεῖν Jul.Or.1.30d

    ;

    πίστεις δοῦναι ἐ. θεῶν D.H.5.29

    ; but ἐπὶ δικασταῖς is f.l. in D.19.243 (leg. ἔπη).
    f with Verbs of perceiving, observing, judging, etc., in the case of,

    ἐπὶ νούσων παντοίων ἐπύθοντο Emp.112.10

    ;

    ὁρᾶν τι ἐ. τινος X.Mem.3.9.3

    ;

    αἰσθάνεσθαί τι ἐ. τινος Pl.R. 406c

    , etc.;

    τὴν γνώμην ἔχειν ἐ. τινος Hyp.Eux.32

    ;

    τὰ συμβόλαια ἐ. τῶν νόμων σκοπεῖν D.18.210

    ; ἐπ' αὐτῶν τῶν ἔργων ἂν ἐσκόπει ib.233, cf. 25.2 (v.l.);

    ἐφ' ἑνός τι παριδεῖν Lycurg.64

    ;

    τὰς ἐναντιώσεις ἐ. μὲν τῶν λόγων τηροῦντες, ἐ. δὲ τῶν ἔργων μὴ καθορῶντες Isoc.13.7

    ;

    οὐδεὶς ἐφ' αὑτοῦ τὰ κακὰ συνορᾷ Men.631

    ;

    ἀγνοεῖν τι ἐ. τινος X.Mem.2.3.2

    ; also with Verbs of speaking, on a subject,

    λέγειν ἐ. τινος Pl.Chrm. 155d

    , R. 524e, etc.;

    ἐπιδεῖξαί τι ἐ. τινος Isoc.8.109

    ;

    ἵνα τοὺς ἐπαίνους ἐπ' αὐτῶν κοινοὺς ποιήσωμαι D.60.12

    .
    3 implying Motion:
    a where the sense of motion is lost in the sense of being supported, ὀρθωθεὶς.. ἐπ' ἀγκῶνος having raised himself upon his elbow, Il.10.80;

    ἐ. μελίης.. ἐρεισθείς 22.225

    ;

    τὴν μὲν.. καθεῖσεν ἐ. θρόνου 18.389

    .
    b in a pregnant sense, denoting the goal of motion (cf.

    εἰς A.1.2

    ,

    ἐν A.1.8

    ), νῆα.. ἐπ' ἠπείροιο ἔρυσσαν drew the ship upon the land and left it there, 1.485; περάαν νήσων ἔπι carry to the islands and leave there, 21.454, cf.22.45;

    ἐ. τῆς γῆς καταπίπτειν X.Cyr.4.5.54

    ; ἀναβῆναι ἐ. τῶν πύργων ib.7.1.39;

    ἐπ' Ἀβύδου ἀφικομέναις Th.8.79

     (v.l.); freq. of motion towards or (in a military sense) upon a place,

    προτρέποντο μελαινάων ἐ. νηῶν Il.5.700

    ;

    τρέσσε.. ἐφ' ὁμίλου 11.546

     (but νήσου ἔ. Ψυρίης νέεσθαι to go near Psyria, Od.3.171); ἐπ' οἴκου ἀπελαύνειν, ἀναχωρεῖν, ἀποχωρεῖν, homewards, Hdt.2.121.δ, Th.1.30,87, etc.; also with names of places,

    ἰέναι ἐ. Κυζίκου Hdt.4.14

    ;

    πλεῖν ἐ. Χίου Id.1.164

    , cf. 168; ἀποπλεῖν ἐπ' αἰγύπτου ib. 1;

    ἀπαλλάσσεσθαι ἐ. Θεσσαλίης Id.5.64

    ; ὁ κόλπος ὁ ἐ. Παγασέων φέρων the bay that leads to Pagasae, Id.7.193; ἡ ἐ. βαβυλῶνος ὁδός the road leading to B., X.Cyr. 5.3.45, cf.An.6.3.24.
    c metaph., ἐ. γνώμης τινὸς γίγνεσθαι come to an opinion, D.4.7;

    ἐπ' ἐλπίδος γενέσθαι Plu.Sol.14

    ; ὡς ἐ. κινδύνου as if to meet danger, Th.6.34;

    ἐ. τοῦ ἀλύπως ζῆν

     with a view to..,

    Pl.Prt. 358b

    ; cf. infr. B. 111.2.
    II of Time, in the time of,

    ἐ. προτέρων ἀνθρώπων Il.5.637

    ,23.332;

    ἐ. Κρόνου Hes.Op. 111

    ; ἐ. Κέκροπος, ἐ. Δαρείου, etc., Hdt.8.44,6.98, etc.;

    ἐ. τῶν τριάκοντα Lys.13.2

    ;

    ὀλιγαρχία ἡ ἐ. τῶν τετρακοσίων καταστᾶσα Isoc.8.108

    ; ἐ. τούτου τυραννεύοντος, ἐ. Λέοντος βασιλεύοντος, ἐ. Μήδων ἀρχόντων, etc., Hdt.1.15,65, 134, etc.;

    ἐ. τῆς ἐμῆς βασιλείας Isoc.3.32

    ; ἐπ' ἐμεῦ in my time, Hdt.1.5, 2.46, etc.;

    ἡ εἰρήνη ἡ ἐπ' Ἀνταλκίδου D.20.54

    , cf. X.HG5.1.36;

    αἱ ἐπ' Ἀσδρούβα γενόμεναι ὁμολογίαι Plb.3.15.5

    ; ἐπ' εἰρήνης in time of peace, Il.2.797, 9.403;

    ἐπ' ἐμῆς νεότητος Ar.Ach. 211

     (lyr.);

    ἐ. Λάχητος καὶ τοῦ προτέρου πολέμου Th.6.6

    ; ἐπ' ἡμέρης ἑκάστης v.l. for -ῃ -τῃ in Hdt.5.117.
    b later ἐ. δείπνου at dinner, Luc.Asin.3; ἐ. τῆς τραπέζης, ἐφ' ἑκάστης κύλικος, Plu.Alex.23; ἐ. τῆς κύλικος, ἐ. τοῦ ποτηρίου, Luc.Pisc.34, Plu.Alex.53.
    III in various causal senses:
    1 over, of persons in authority,

    ἐπ' οὗ ἐτάχθημεν Hdt.5.109

    ; οἱ ἐ. τῶν πραγμάτων the public officers, D.18.247; freq. in forged decrees, ὁ ἐ. τῶν ὅπλων στρατηγός ib.38; ὁ ἐ. τῶν ὁπλιτῶν, τῶν ἱππέων, ib.116; ὁ ἐ. τῆς διοικήσεως ib.38 (but cf. c. 111.3); τοῦ ἐ. τῶν ὁπλιτῶν is f.l. in Lys. 32.5;

    ὁ ἐ. τῆς χώρας στρατηγός Plu.Phoc.32

    ;

    οἱ ἐ. τῶν σιτοποιῶν καὶ μαγείρων Id.Alex.23

    ;

    ὁ ἐ. τοῦ οἴνου Id.Pyrrh.5

    ; ὁ ἐ. τῶν ἐπιστολῶν τοῦ Ὄθωνος, = Lat. ab epistulis, his secretary, Id.Oth.9; cf. B. 111.6.
    2 κεκλῆσθαι ἐ. τινος to be called after him, Hdt.4.45;

    ἐ. τινος μετονομασθῆναι Id.1.94

    :

    ἐ. τινος τὰς ἐπωνυμίας ἔχειν Id.4.107

    ; ἐ. τινος ἐπώνυμος γίγνεσθαι ib. 184; also

    ἐπ' ὀνόματος καλεῖν Plb.5.35.2

    .
    3 of occasions, circumstances, and conditions, οὐκ ἐ. τούτου μόνον, ἀλλ' ἐ. πάντων, on all occasions, D.21.38, cf. 183;

    ἐφ' ἑκάστων Pl.Phlb. 25e

    ;

    ἐφ' ἑκατέρου Id.Tht. 159c

    ;

    ἐφ' ἑκάστης μαντείας D.21.54

    ; ἐπ' ἐξουσίας καὶ πλούτου πονηρὸν εἶναι in.. ib.138; ἐ. τῆς ἀληθείας καὶ τοῦ πράγματος ib.72, cf. 18.17;

    τὴν ἐ. τῆς πομπῆς καὶ τοῦ μεθύειν πρόφασιν λαβών Id.21.180

    ;

    ἐ. σχολῆς Aeschin.3.191

    ;

    ἐπ' ἀδείας Plu. Sol.22

    ;

    ἐπ' ἀληθείας Ev.Marc.12.14

    , POxy.255.16 (i A.D.): hence in adverbial phrases, ἐπ' ἴσας (sc. μοίρας) equally, S.El. 1062 (lyr.);

    ἐ. καιροῦ D.20.90

    ; ἐπ' ἐσχάτων at the last, LXXDe.17.7 (v.l. ἐσχάτῳ) ; ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος for the present, SIG543.6 (Epist. Philipp.).
    4 in respect of,

    ἐ. τῶν πραγμάτων Arist.Pol. 1280a17

    , cf. EN 1131b18; concerning,

    τὰ ἐπ' αὐτῶν ἐνεστηκότα PTeb.7.6

     (ii B. C.).
    B WITH DAT.:
    I of Place, upon, just like the gen. (hence Poets use whichever case suits the metre, whereas in Prose the dat. is more freq.):
    1 with Verbs of Rest,

    ἕζεο τῷδ' ἐ. δίφρῳ Il.6.354

    ;

    ἧντ' ἐ. πύργῳ 3.153

    ;

    στῆ δ' ἐ... νηΐ 8.222

    ;

    κεῖσθαι ἐ. τινι X.An.1.8.27

    ; καίειν ἐ. πᾶσι (sc. βωμοῖς) Il.8.240;

    ἔβραχε χαλκὸς ἐ. στήθεσσι 4.420

    ;

    ἐ. χθονὶ δέρκεσθαι 1.88

    , etc.: also with Verbs of Motion, where the subject rests upon something,

    νηυσὶν ἐπ' ὠκυπόροισιν ἔβαινον 2.351

     (v.l. for ἐν)

    ; ἐπ' ὤμοις φέρειν E.Ph. 1131

     (but ἐφ' ἵππῳ, ἐφ' ἵπποις and the like are never used for ἐφ' ἵππου, etc.); of places, mostly in,

    ἐ. τῇ χώρῃ Hdt.5.77

    ;

    τἀπὶ Τροίᾳ πέργαμα S.Ph. 353

    ;

    ἐπ' ἐσχάτοις τόποις Id.Tr. 1100

    ;

    ἐ. τῇ ψυχῇ δάκνομαι Id.Ant. 317

    ; also, at or near,

    ἐ. κρήνῃ Od.13.408

    ;

    ἐ. θύρῃσι Il.2.788

    , etc.; of rivers, etc., by, beside,

    ἐ. ὠκυρόῳ Κελάδοντι.. 7.133

    , etc.;

    ἐπ' ἐσχάρῃ Od.7.160

    ;

    ἐ. νηυσί Il.1.559

    , etc.; of persons, οὐ τἀπὶ Λυδοῖς οὐδ' ἐπ' Ὀμφάλῃ λατρεύματα in Lydia, in the power of O., S.Tr. 356.
    b on or over, ἐπ' Ἰφιδάμαντι over the body of Iphidamas, Il.11.261, cf. 4.470;

    τοιόνδ' ἐπ' ἀνδρὶ κομπάζεις λόγον A.Ag. 1400

    ; also, over or in honour of,

    ἐ. σοὶ κατέθηκε.. ἄεθλα Od.24.91

    ; [

    βοῦς] ἐ. Πατρόκλῳ πέφνεν Il. 23.776

    ;

    κειράμενοι χαίτας ἐπ' Ἀδώνιδι Bion 1.81

    , cf. Lys.2.80; in [dialect] Dor. and [dialect] Aeol.sepulchral Inscrr., Schwyzer 348,al.
    c in hostile sense, against, Hdt.1.61,6.74, 88, S.Ph. 1139 (lyr.), etc.; as a check upon,

    οἱ πρόβουλοι καθεστᾶσιν ἐ. τοῖς βουλευταῖς Arist.Pol. 1299b37

    , cf. 1271a39; also, towards, in reference to,

    ἐ. πᾶσι χόλον τελέσαι Il.4.178

    ;

    ἐπ' ἔργοις πᾶσι S.OC 1268

    ;

    δικαιότερος καὶ ἐπ' ἄλλῳ ἔσσεαι Il.19.181

    , cf. S.Tr. 994 (anap.), etc.;

    ἐ. τοῖς δυνατοῖς ἔχειν τὴν γνώμην Democr. 191

    ; τὸ ἐ. πᾶσιν τοῖς σώμασι κάλλος extending over all bodies, Pl. Smp. 210b; ἡ [παιδεία] ἡ ἐ. σώμασι, ἐ. ψυχῇ, Id.R. 376e; τἀπὶ σοὶ κακά the ills which lie upon thee, S.Ph. 806: in [dialect] Att. also, νόμον τίθεσθαι, θεῖναι ἐ. τινι, make a law for his case, whether for or against, Pl.Grg. 488d, Lexap.And.1.87;

    νόμους ἀναγράψαι ἐ. τοῖς ἀδικοῦσι D.24.5

    ; νόμος κεῖται ἐ. τινι ib.70; τἀπὶ τῷ πλήθει νενομοθετημένα ib.123, cf. 142; τί θεσμοποιεῖς ἐ. ταλαιπώρῳ νεκρῷ; E.Ph. 1645.
    d. of accumulation, upon, after, ὄγχνη ἐπ' ὄγχνῃ one pear after another, pear on pear, Od.7.120;

    ἐ. κέρδεϊ κέρδος Hes.Op. 644

    ;

    ἄτη ἑτέρα ἐπ' ἄτῃ A. Ch. 404

     (lyr.); πήματα ἐ. πήμασι, ἐ. νόσῳ νόσος, S.Ant. 595, OC 544 (both lyr.).
    e. in addition to, over and above, besides, οὐκ ἄρα σοί γ'

    ἐ. εἴδεϊ καὶ φρένες ἦσαν Od.17.454

    , cf. 308;

    ἄλλα τε πόλλ' ἐ. τῇσι παρίσχομεν Il.9.639

    , cf. Od.22.264; ἐ. τοῖσι besides, 24.277;

    ἐ. τούτοις Him.Or.14.10

    ; so of Numerals,

    τρισχιλίους ἐ. μυρίοις Plu.Publ.20

    , cf. Jul.Or.4.148c, etc.;

    γυναῖκ' ἐφ' ἡμῖν.. ἔχει E.Med. 694

    : with Verbs of eating and drinking, with,

    ἐ. τῷ σίτῳ πίνειν ὕδωρ X.Cyr.6.2.27

    ; νέκταρ

    ποτίσαι ἐπ' ἀμβροσίᾳ Pl.Phdr. 247e

    ; esp. of a relish, κάρδαμον μόνον

    ἐ. τῷ σίτῳ ἔχειν X.Cyr.1.2.11

    ;

    παίειν ἐφ' ἁλὶ τὰν μᾶδδαν Ar.Ach. 835

    : metaph., ἐ. τῷ φάγοις ἥδιστ' ἄν; ἐ. βαλλαντίῳ; Id.Eq. 707; later ἐ. γογγυλίσι διαβιῶναι live on turnips, Ath.10.419a.
    f. of position, after, behind, of soldiers, X.Cyr.8.3.16-18.
    g. in dependence upon, in the power of,

    τὰ δ' οὐκ ἐπ' ἀνδράσι κεῖται Pi.P.8.76

    ; ἐ. τινί ἐστι it is in his power to do, c.inf., Hdt.8.29, etc.;

    ἐ. σοί ἐστιν ἀναζωπυρεῖν M.Ant.7.2

    ;

    ἐ. ἑτέροις γίγνεσθαι Th.6.22

    ; ἐ. τῷ πλήθει in their hands, S.OC66, cf. Th.2.84; τὸ ἐπ' ἐμοί, τὸ ἐ. ἐκείνῳ, etc., as far as is in my power, etc., X. Cyr.5.4.11, Isoc.4.142, etc.;

    τὸ ἐ. τούτοις εἶναι Lys.28.14

    ; ἐ. τοῖς υἱάσι their property, Leg.Gort.4.37.
    h. according to, ἐ. τοῖς νόμοις Lexap.D. 24.56;

    ἐ. πᾶσι δικαίοις ποιούμεθα τοὺς λόγους Id.20.88

    ;

    ἐ. προφάσει θηρός S.Tr. 662

     codd.(lyr.).
    i. of condition or circumstances in which one is,

    ἀτελευτήτῳ ἐ. ἔργῳ Il.4.175

    , etc.;

    ἐπ' ἀρρήτοις λόγοις S.Ant. 556

    ;

    ἐπ' ἀσφάκτοις μήλοισι E. Ion 228

     (lyr.);

    ταύταις ἐ. συντυχίαις Pi.P.1.36

    ;

    ἐπ' εὐπραξίᾳ S.OC 1554

    ;

    ἐ. τῷ παρόντι Th.2.36

    ; ἐπ' αὐτοφώρῳ λαβεῖν, v. αὐτόφωρος; also ἐ. τῷ δείπνῳ at dinner, X.Cyr.1.3.12, Thphr.Char. 3.2;

    ἐ. τῇ κύλικι Pl.Smp. 214b

    ;

    ἐ. θαλίαις E.Med. 192

     (anap.).
    k. Geom., of the point, etc., at which letters are written, κέντρον ἐφ' ᾧ K Hippocr. ap. Simp.in Ph.64.14; ἡ [γραμμὴ] ἐφ' ᾗ HK the line HK, Arist.Mete. 375b22.
    2. with Verbs of Motion:
    a. where the sense of motion merges in that of support,

    ἐ. χθονὶ βαίνει Il.4.443

    ;

    θεῖναι ἐ. γούνασιν 6.92

    ;

    καταθέσθαι ἐ. γαίῃ 3.114

    ; ἱστὸν ἔστησεν ἐ.

    ψαμάθοις 23.853

    ;

    ἐ. φρεσὶ θῆκε 1.55

    ; δυσφόρους ἐπ' ὄμμασι γνώμας

    βαλεῖν S.Aj.51

    , etc.
    b. in pregnant construction, πέτονται ἐπ' ἄνθεσιν fly on to the flowers and settle there, Il.2.89; ἐκ.. βαῖνον ἐ.

    ῥηγμῖνι θαλάσσης Od.15.499

    ;

    καθεῖσεν ἐ. Σκαμάνδρῳ Il.5.36

    ; ἦλθε δ'

    ἐ. Κρήτεσσι 4.251

    , cf. 273;

    νῆες εἰρύατ'.. ἐ. θινὶ θαλάσσης 4.248

    .
    c. rarely for εἰς c.acc.,

    νηυσὶν ἔ. γλαφυρῇσιν ἐλαυνέμεν 5.327

    , 11.274.
    d. in hostile sense, upon or against, ἐ. τινι ἔχειν, ἰθύνειν ἵππους, 5.240, 8.110; ἐ. τινι ἱέναι βέλος, ἰθύνεσθαι ὀϊστόν, 1.382, Od.22.8; ἐ. τοι

    Ἀκράγαντι τανύσαις Pi.O.2.91

    ;

    ἐ. Τυδεΐδῃ ἐτιταίνετο.. τόξα Il.5.97

    ;

    ἐφ' Ἕκτορι.. ἀκοντίσσαι 16.358

    ;

    κύνας.. σεύῃ ἐπ' ἀγροτέρῳ συΐ 11.293

    ;

    ὡρμήθησαν ἐπ' ἀνδράσιν Od.10.214

    , cf. E.Ph. 1379, etc.: also ἐ. τινι

    τετάχθαι Th.2.70

    , 3.13;

    ὅστις φάρμακα δηλητήρια ποιοῖ ἐ. Τηΐοισιν SIG37.2

     (Teos, v B.C.).
    II. of Time, rarely, and never in good [dialect] Att., exc. in sense of succession (infr. 2), ἐ. νυκτί by night, Il.8.529;

    ἐφ' ἡμέρῃ, αἱ δ' ἐ. νυκτί Hes.Op. 102

    ; ἐπ' ἤματι τῷδε on this very day, Il.13.234; ἐπ' ἤματι for to-day, 19.229, 10.48, Od.2.284; αἰεὶ ἐπ' ἤματι every day, 14.105;

    ἐπ' ἡμέρῃ ἑκάστῃ Hdt.4.112

    , 5.53, cf. D.S. 34/5.2.1;

    ὁ ἥλιος νέος ἐφ' ἡμέρῃ ἐστίν Heraclit.6

    ;

    ἐ. τρίς Act.Ap.10.16

    , PHolm.1.18.
    2. of succession, after, ἕκτῃ ἐ. δέκα on the 16th of the month, Chron. ap. D.18.155, Decr.ib.181 ( δεκάτῃ codd.); τετράδι

    ἐ. δέκα IG12.304.62

    ; πρὸ τῆς ἕκτης ἐ. δέκα ib.22.1361.19; ἐπ' ἐξεργασμένοισι, = Lat. re peracta, Hdt.4.164, etc.; ἐ. τινι ἀγορεύειν, ἀνίστασθαι, E.Or. 898, 902, X.Cyr.2.3.7, etc.;

    ἐ. διεφθαρμένοισι Ἴωσι Hdt.1.170

    , τὰ ἐ. τούτοισι, = Lat. quod superest, Id.9.78, cf. Th.1.65, A.Ag. 255, etc.;

    τοὐπὶ τῷδε πῆμα E.Hipp. 855

     (lyr.), etc.
    3. in the time of (cf. A. 11) only in Arc.,

    ἐπὶ Χαιριάδαι Schwyzer665

     A 21, cf. 666 (Orchom.).
    III. in various causal senses:
    1. of the occasion or cause, τετεύξεται ἄλγε' ἐπ' αὐτῇ for her, Il.21.585; ἐ. σοὶ μάλα πόλλ' ἔπαθον for thee, 9.492: freq. with Verbs expressing some mental affection,

    ἐπὶ παντὶ λόγῳ ἐπτοῆσθαι Heraclit.87

    ; μέγα φρονεῖν ἐ. τινι to be proud at or of a thing, Pl.Prt. 342d, X.HG3.4.11, etc.; χλιδᾶν ἐ . τινι S.El. 360; ἀγάλλεσθαι, ἀγανακτεῖν ἐ. τοῖς παροῦσι, X.An.2.6.26, Isoc.4.122;

    ὀνομαστὸς ἐ. τινι γεγονέναι X.Mem.1.2.61

    ; also ἐφ' αἵματι φεύγειν to be tried on a capital charge, D.21.105; πληγὰς λαμβάνειν

    ἐ. τινι X.Cyr.1.3.16

    ;

    ζημιοῦσθαι ἐ. τινι D.24.122

    , etc.: in adverbial phrases [δικάσσαι] ἐπ' ἀρωγῇ with favour, Il.23.574;

    δολίῃ ἐ. τέχνῃ Hes. Th. 540

    ;

    ἐ. μιῇ αἰτίῃ ἀνήκεστον πάθος ἔρδειν Hdt.1.137

    , etc.; ἐ . κακουργίᾳ καὶ οὐκ ἀρετῇ for malice, Th.1.37; ἐπ' εὐνοία, ἐπ' ἔχθρα, D. 18.273, 21.55; ἐπ' ἀγαθῇ ἐλπίδι with.., X.Mem.2.1.18, cf. Ep.Rom. 4.18; ἐφ' ἑκατέροις in both cases, Pl.Tht. 158d, cf. Xenoph.34.4; ἐ.

    δάκρυσί τινα καταστένειν E. Tr. 315

     (lyr.); ἐ. τῇ πάσῃ συκοφαντίᾳ καὶ διασεισμῷ Mitteis Chr. 31 vI (ii B.C.), etc.
    2. of an end or purpose,

    υἱὸν ἐ. κτεάτεσσι λιπέσθαι Il.5.154

    , cf. 9.482; ἐ. δόρπῳ for supper, Od.18.44;

    ἐ. κακῷ ἀνθρώπου σίδηρος ἀνεύρηται Hdt.1.68

    ;

    ἐ. διαφθορῇ Id.4.164

    ;

    ἐ. σῷ καιρῷ S.Ph. 151

     (lyr.);

    ἐ. τῷ κέρδει X.Mem.1.2.56

    ; δῆσαι ἐ. θανάτῳ or τὴν ἐ. θανάτῳ, Hdt.9.37, 3.119, cf.1.109, X.An.1.6.10;

    ἐ. θανάτῳ συλλαβεῖν Isoc.4.154

    ; ἐπ' ἐξαγωγῇ for exportation, Hdt.5.6; χρηστηριάζεσθαι ἐ. τῇ χώρῃ with a view to gaining.., Id.1.66;

    ἐ. τούτοις ἐθύσαντο X.An.3.5.18

    ;

    ἐ. τῷ ὑβρίζεσθαι Th.1.38

    , cf.34, etc.;

    τι κακοτεχνεῖν ἐ. αἰσχύνῃ τοῦ ἀνδρός PEleph.1.6

     (iv B.C.).
    3. of the condition upon which a thing is done, ἐ. τούτοισι on these terms, Hdt.1.60, etc.;

    ἐ. τοῖσδε, ὥστε.. Th.3.114

    ; ἐ. τούτῳ, ἐπ' ᾧτε on condition that.., Hdt.3.83, cf. 7.158: in orat. obliq., ἐπ' or ἐφ' ᾧτε folld. by inf., Id.1.22, 7.154, X.HG2.2.20;

    ἐφ' ᾧ μηδὲν κακὸν ποιήσουσιν Th.1.126

     (but ἐφ' ᾧ = wherefore, Ep.Rom.5.12); ἐπ' οὐδενί on no condition, on no account, Hdt.3.38; but, for no adequate reason, D. 21.132; ἐπ' ἴσῃ τε καὶ ὁμοίῃ, ἐπὶ τῇ ἴσῃ καὶ ὁμοίᾳ, on fair and equal terms, Hdt.9.7, Th.1.27; ἐ. ῥητοῖς, v. ῥητός; also of a woman's dowry,

    τὴν μητέρα ἐγγυᾶν ἐ. ταῖς ὀγδοήκοντα μναῖς D.28.16

    ; γῆμαί

    τινα ἐ. δέκα ταλάντοις And.4.13

    ;

    τὴν θυγατέρα ἔχειν γυναῖκα ἐ. τῇ τυραννίδι Hdt.1.60

    ; on the principle of..,

    ἐ. τῷ μὴ λυπεῖν ἀλλήλους Th.1.71

    .
    4. of the price for which..,

    ἔργον τελέσαι δώρῳ ἔ. μεγάλῳ Il.10.304

    , cf. 21.445; ἐ. τίνι χρήματι; Hdt.3.38; ἐ. πόσῳ; Pl.Ap. 41a; ἐ .

    ταλάντῳ χρυσίου Ar.Av. 154

    ; ἐπ' ἀργυρίῳ λέγειν, πράττειν, D.19.182, 24.200;

    ἐ. χρήμασι λυμαίνεσθαι Id.19.332

    ;

    ἐ. πολλῷ ἐρρᾳθυμηκότες Id.1.15

    ; also of money lent at interest, δανείζεσθαι ἐ. τοῖς μεγάλοις τόκοις ibid.; ἐ. δραχμῇ δανείζειν lend at 12 per cent., Id.27.9; ἐπ' ὀκτὼ ὀβολοῖς τὴν μνᾶν τοῦ μηνὸς ἑκάστου δανείζειν, i.e. at 16 per cent., Id.53.13;

    ἐ. διακοσίαις εἴκοσι πέντε τὰς χιλίας

     for

    225

    per mille, i.e. 22.5 per cent., Syngr. ap. eund.35.10; also of the security on which money is borrowed,

    δανείζειν ἐ. ἀνδραπόδοις Id.27.27

    ; ἐπ' οἴνου

    κεραμίοις τρισχιλίοις Id.35.18

    ;

    ἐ. νηΐ Id.56.3

    ;

    δανείζειν ἐ. τοῖς σώμασιν Arist.Ath.9.1

    , cf. 2.2, D.H.4.9.
    5. of names, φάος καὶ νὺξ ὀνόμασται..

    ἐ. τοῖσί τε καὶ τοῖς Parm.9.2

    ;

    ἐ. τῇ τοῦ οἰκείου ἔχθρᾳ στάσις κέκληται Pl.R. 470b

    ; so

    ὄνομα κεῖται ἐ. τινι X.Cyr.2.2.12

    ; ὄνομα καλεῖν

    ἐ. τινι Pl.Sph. 218c

    , cf. 244b; πότερον ταῦτα, πέντε ὀνόματα ὄντα, ἐ.

    ἑνὶ πράγματί ἐστι Id.Prt. 349b

     (v. supr. A. 111.2).
    6. of persons in authority, ὅς μ' ἐ. βουσὶν εἷσεν who set me over the kine, Od.20.209, cf. 221;

    ποιμαίνειν ἐπ' ὄεσσι Il.6.25

    ;

    οὖρον κατέλειπον ἐ. κτεάτεσσιν Od.15.89

    ;

    σημαίνειν ἐ. δμῳῇσι 22.427

    ; πέμπειν ἐ. τοσούτῳ

    στρατεύματι Th.6.29

    ;

    ἐ. ταῖς ναυσίν X.HG1.5.11

    ;

    οἱ ἐ. ταῖς μηχαναῖς Id.Cyr.6.3.28

    ; οἱ ἐ. ταῖς καμήλοις ib.33;

    οἱ ἐ. τοῖς πράγμασιν ὄντες D. 9.2

    ;

    ἐ. θυγατρὶ.. γαμεῖν ἄλλην γυναῖκα Hdt.4.154

    .
    7. in possession of, possessing,

    ἐ. τοῖς ἑαυτοῦ μένειν Th.4.105

    , cf. 8.86; ζῆν ἐ. παιδίοις, τελευτᾶν ἐ. παιδὶ γνησίῳ, Alciphr.1.3, Philostr.VS2.12.2;

    ἐ. παισὶ διαδόχοις Hdn.4.2.1

    ;

    ἀποθανεῖν ἐ. κληρονόμοις ταῖς θυγατράσι Artem.1.78

    , cf. PMeyer6.22 (ii A.D.);

    ἐ. μόνῳ παιδὶ σαλεύειν Hld. 1.9

    .
    C. WITH Acc.:
    I. of Place, upon or on to a height, with Verbs of Motion,

    ἐ. πύργον ἔβη Il.6.386

    , cf. 12.375; ἐ. τὰ ὑψηλότατα τῶν

    ὀρέων ἀναβαίνειν Hdt.1.131

    ;

    προελθεῖν ἐ. βῆμα Th.2.34

    ; ἀναβιβαστέον τινά, ἀναβαίνειν ἐ. τὸν ἵππον, Pl.R. 467e, X.An.3.4.35; also ἐξ ἵππων

    ἀποβάντες ἐ. χθόνα Il.3.265

    ; ἐξεκυλίσθη πρηνὴς ἐ. στόμα upon his face, 6.43;

    ἐ. θρόνον.. ἕζετο 8.442

    ; ὤμω.. ἐ. στῆθος συνοχωκότε drawn together upon his breast, 2.218;

    Ὀδυσσῆ' εἷσαν ἐ. σκέπας Od.6.212

    ;

    θέσθαι ἐ. τὰ γόνατα X.An.7.3.23

    ;

    ἐπ' ἀμφότερα τὰ ὦτα καθεύδειν Aeschin.Socr.54

    ; ἐ. κεφαλήν head- foremost, Pl.R. 553b, Luc.Pisc.48 (v. κεφαλή): less freq. than ἐπί with gen. or dat.
    b. Geom., αἱ ἐ. τὰς ἁφὰς ἐπιζευγνύμεναι εὐθεῖαι joining the points of contact, Archim. Sph.Cyl.1.8; κάθετος ἐ. perpendicular to (v. κάθετος).
    2. to,

    ἦλθε θοὰς ἐ. νῆας Il.1.12

    , etc.; ἐ. βωμὸν ἄγων ib. 440; ἴθυσαν δ' ἐ.

    τεῖχος 12.443

    ;

    ἐ. τέρμ' ἀφίκετο S.Aj.48

    ;

    ἡ [ὁδὸς] ἐ. Σοῦσα φέρει X. An.3.5.15

    ;

    ἡ ὁδὸς ἡ ἀπὸ τῶν Πυλῶν ἐ. τὸ Ποσειδώνιον Th.4.118

    ; ἐ.

    τὸ αὐτὸ αἱ γνῶμαι ἔφερον Id.1.79

    : c.acc. pers.,

    βῆ δ' ἄρ' ἐπ' Ἀτρεΐδην Il.2.18

    , cf. 10.18,85, 150, etc.: sts. in pregn. constr. with Verbs of Rest,

    ἐπιστῆναι ἐ. τὰς θύρας Pl.Smp. 212d

    ;

    παρεῖναι ἐ. τὸν τάφον Th.2.34

    , cf. X.Cyr.3.3.12.
    b. metaph., ἐ. ἔργα τρέπεσθαι, ἰέναι, Il.3.422, Od.2.127;

    ἰέναι ἐ. τὸν ἔπαινον Th.2.36

    ;

    ἐ. συμφορὴν ἐμπεσεῖν Hdt.7.88

     codd.; also ἐ. τὴν τράπεζαν ἀποδιδόναι, ὀφείλειν, pay, owe to the bank, D.33.12, Docum. ap. eund.45.31; ἡ ἐγγύη ἡ ἐ. τὴν

    τράπεζαν D.33.10

    ; τὸ ἐ. τὴν τράπεζαν χρέως ib.24; also εἰσποιηθῆναι ἐ. τὸ ὄνομά τινος to be entered under his name, Id.44.36.
    c. up to, as far as ( μέχρι ἐ. X.An.5.1.[1]),

    παρατείνειν ἐπ' Ἡρακλέας στήλας Hdt.4.181

    ;

    ἐ. θάλασσαν καθήκειν Th.2.27

    ,97: metaph., ἐ. πείρατ' ἀέθλων

    ἤλθομεν Od.23.248

    ; ἐ. διηκόσια ἀποδιδόναι yield 200- fold, Hdt. 1.193; in measurements,

    πλέον ἢ ἐ. δύο στάδια X.Cyr.7.5.8

    , An.6.2.2; ὅσον ἐ. εἴκοσι σταδίους ib.6.4.5, cf. 1.7.15: freq. with a neut. Adj. or Pron.,

    τόσσον τίς τ' ἐπιλεύσσει ὅσον τ' ἐ. λᾶαν ἵησιν Il.3.12

    ; ὅσσον

    ἔφ' 2.616

    , cf. 15.358; ἐ. τοσοῦτό γε φρονέω,.. ταύτην μηδὲν σίνεσθαι I am prudent enough, not to.., Hdt.6.97;

    ἐ. ὅσον δεῖ Th.7.66

    ; ἐ.

    πάντ' ἀφίξομαι S.OT 265

    ;

    ἐ. πᾶν ἐλθεῖν X.An.3.1.18

    ; ἐ. τὸ ἔσχατον

    ἀγῶνος ἐλθεῖν Th.4.92

    ; ἐ. μεῖζον χωρεῖν, ἔρχεσθαι, ib. 117, S.Ph. 259;

    ἐ. μέγα χωρεῖν δυνάμεως Th.1.118

    ; ἐ. μακρότερον, ἐ. μακρότατον, Id.4.41, 1.1, Hdt.4.16, 192; ἐ. σμικρόν, ἐ. βραχύ, a little way, a little, S. El. 414, Th.1.118; ἐπ' ἔλαττον, ἐπ' ἐλάχιστον, Pl.Phd. 93b, Th.1.70; ἐπ' ὀλίγον, ἐ. πολλά, Pl.Sph. 254b; ἐ. πλέον still more, Hdt.2.171, 5.51, Th.2.51; rarely with Advs.,

    ἐ. μᾶλλον Hdt.1.94

    , 4.181.
    d. before, into the presence of (cf. A. 1.2e),

    ἦγον δή μιν ἐ. τὰ κοινά Id.3.156

     (but στὰς ἐ. τὸ συνέδριον standing at the door of the council, Id.8.79);

    ἐ. ἡγεμόνας καὶ βασιλεῖς ἀχθήσεσθε Ev.Matt.10.18

    .
    e. in Military phrases (cf. A. 1.2d), ἐπ' ἀσπίδας πέντε καὶ εἴκοσιν ἐτάξαντο, i.e. twenty-five in file, Th.4.93; dub. in X., as ἐ. πολλοὺς τεταγμένοι many in file, An.4.8.11 codd.;

    ἐπ' ὀλίγον τὸ βάθος γίγνεσθαι Cyr.7.5.2

     codd.; for ἐ. κέρας v. infr.3.
    3. of the quarter or direction towards or in which a thing takes place, ἐ. δεξιά, ἐπ' ἀριστερά, to the right or left, Il.7.238, 12.240, Od.3.171, Hdt.6.33, etc.; ἐ. τὰ ἕτερα or ἐ. θάτερα, Id.5.74, Th.1.87, etc.; ἐ. τὰ μακρότερα , βραχύτερα, on the longer, shorter side, Hdt.1.50; ἐπ' ἀμφότερα νοέων both ways, Id.8.22;

    ἐπ' ἀμφότερα μαχᾶν τάμνειν τέλος Pi.O.13.57

    , etc.; ἐ. τάδε Φασήλιδος on this side, Isoc.7.80; ἐ. ἐκεῖνα, v. ἐπέκεινα; ἐφ' ἕν, ἐ. δύο, ἐ. τρία, of space, in one, two, three dimensions, Arist.de An. 404b23, Plot.6.3.13; in Military phrases, ἐ. δόρυ ἀναστρέψαι ,ἐ. ἀσπίδα μεταβαλέσθαι, to the spear or shield side, i.e. to right or left, X.An.4.3.29, Cyr.7.5.6; ἐ. πόδα ἀναχωρεῖν, etc., retire on the foot, i.e. facing the enemy, Id.An.5.2.32; so ἐ. κέρας or ἐ. κέρως πλεῖν, etc., sail towards or on the wing, i.e. in column (v.

    κέρας v11

    ): metaph., ἐ. τὸ μεῖζον κοσμῆσαι, δεινῶσαι, etc., with exaggeration, Th.1.10, 8.74, etc.;

    ἐ. τὸ πλέον ἀγγέλλεσθαι Id.6.34

    ; ἐ. τὸ φοβερώτερον ib.83; ἐ. τὰ γελοιότερα ἐπαινέσαι so as to provoke laughter, Pl. Smp. 214e; ἐ. τὰ καλλίω, ἐ. τὰ αἰσχίονα, Id.Plt. 293e; ἐ. τὸ βέλτιον καὶ κάλλιον, ἐ. τὸ χεῖρον καὶ τὸ αἴσχιον, Id.R. 381b; ἐ. τὸ ἄμεινον Orac. ap. D.43.66.
    4. in hostile sense, against,

    ἰέναι ἐ. νέας Il. 13.101

    ;

    ὦρτο δ' ἐπ' αὐτούς 5.590

    ; στρατεύεσθαι or -εύειν ἐ. τινα, Hdt. 1.71,77, Th.1.26, etc.;

    ἰέναι ἐ. φάτιν S.OT 495

     (lyr.); πλεῖν ἐ. τοὺσ

    Ἀθηναίους Th.2.90

    ;

    πέμπειν στρατηγὸν ἐ. τινας Hdt.1.153

    ; θύεσθαι ἐ. τινα offer sacrifice on going against.., X.An.7.8.21; ἐφ' ὑμᾶς to your prejudice, D.6.33, 10.57.
    5. of extension over a space, πουλὺν ἐφ' ὑγρὴν ἤλυθον over much water, Il.10.27: ἐπ' εὐρέα νῶτα

    θαλάσσης 2.159

    ;

    ἐ. κύματα 13.27

    ;

    ὁρόων ἐπ' ἀπείρονα πόντον 1.350

    ; πλέων, λεύσσων ἐ. οἴνοπα πόντον, 7.88, 5.771;

    ἐ. πολλὰ δ' ἀλήθην Od. 14.120

    ;

    ἄγοισι.. Ἀνδρομάχαν.. ἐπ' ἄλμυρον πόντον Sapph.Supp. 20a

    . 7: also with Verbs of Rest, ἐπ' ἐννέα κεῖτο πέλεθρα over nine acres he lay stretched, Od.11.577; τόσσον ἔπ' over so much, 5.251, cf. 13.114; διώκοντες ἐ. πολύ over a large space, Th.1.50, cf. 62, etc.; ἐ. πλεῖστον ib.4;

    ὡς ἐ. πλεῖστον 2.34

    , etc.; freq. to be rendered on,

    δράκων ἐ. νῶτα δαφοινός Il.2.308

    ; ἵππους.. ἐ. νῶτον ἐΐσας ib. 765;

    ὅσσα τε γαῖαν ἔπι πνείει 17.447

    ; ἐ. γαῖαν εἰσὶ δύω [γένη] Hes.Op.11;

    ἀοιδοὶ ἔασιν ἐ. χθόνα Th.95

    ;

    ἐ. γᾶν μέλαιναν ἔμμεναι κάλλιστον Sapph. Supp.5.2

    ; also, among,

    κλέος πάντας ἐπ' ἀνθρώπους Il.10.213

    , cf. 24.202, 535;

    δασσάμενοι [κτήματ'] ἐφ' ἡμέας Od.16.385

    , cf. Pl.Prt. 322d.
    II. of Time, for or during a certain time,

    ἐ. χρόνον Il.2.299

    , Od.14.193:

    πολλὸν ἐ. χρόνον 12.407

    ;

    παυρίδιον.. ἐ. χρόνον Hes. Op. 133

    ;

    ἐ. δηρόν Il.9.415

    ;

    ἐ. πολὺν χρόνον Pl.Phd. 84c

    , etc.; ἐπ'

    ὀλίγον χρόνον Lycurg.7

    ; ἐ. χρόνον τινά, ἐ. τινα χρόνον, Pl.Prt. 344b, Grg. 524d;

    γῆν ἀπεμίσθωσαν ἐ. δέκα ἔτη Th.3.68

    ; ἐ. διετές Lexap.D. 46.20;

    ἐ. τρεῖς ἡμέρας X.An.6.6.36

    ; τὸ ἐφ' ἡμέραν ἀρκέσον enough for the day, Id.Cyr.6.2.34, cf. D.50.23, Hdt.1.32; ἐ. πολύ for a long time, Th.1.6, etc.
    2. up to, until a certain time, εὗδον παννύχιος

    καὶ ἐπ' ἠῶ καὶ μέσον ἦμαρ Od.7.288

    ;

    οὐδ' ἐ. γῆρας ἵκετ' 8.226

    .
    III. in various causal senses:
    1. of the object or purpose for which one goes, ἀγγελίην ἔπι Τυδῆ στεῖλαν sent him for (i.e. to bring) tidings of.., Il.4.384 (dub.); ἐ. βοῦν ἴτω let him go for an ox, Od.3.421;

    ἐ. τεύχεα δ' ἐσσεύοντο Il.2.808

    ;

    ἐλθεῖν πρός τινα ἐπ' ἀργύριον X.Cyr.1.6.12

    ; πέμπειν εἴς τινα ἐ. στράτευμα ib.4.5.31; ἴτω τις ἐφ' ὕδωρ ib.5.3.49; ἥκειν ἐ. τοὺς τόκους for (i.e. to demand) the interest, D.50.61: less freq. c. acc. pers.,

    ἐπ' Ὀδυσσῆα ἤϊε Od.5.149

    , cf. S.OT 555;

    κατῆλθον ἐ. ποιητήν Ar.Ra. 1418

    ;

    κατέρχονται ἐ. τὸν Ἀγόρατον Lys. 13.23

    : with acc. of a Noun of Action, ἐξιέναι ἐ. θήραν go out hunting, X.Cyr.1.2.9; ἔπλεον οὐχ ὡς ἐ. ναυμαχίαν (v.l. for -μαχίᾳ) Th.2.83;

    ἐ. μάχην ἰέναι X.An.1.4.12

    ; ἔρχεσθαι, ἵζειν ἐ. δεῖπνον, Il.2.381, Od.24.394;

    ἐ. δόρπον ἀνέστη 12.439

    ;

    κληθεὶς ἐ. δεῖπνον Pl.Smp. 174e

    , etc.;

    καλεῖν ἐ. ξείνια Hdt.2.107

    ,5.18; ἐ. τὴν θεωρίαν to see the sight, Ev.Luc.23.48, cf. PTeb.33.6 (ii B.C.): freq. with neut. Pron. or Adj., ἐ. τοῦτο ἐλθεῖν for this purpose, X.An.2.5.22, cf. Th.5.87; ἐπ' αὐτὸ

    τοῦτο Pl.Grg. 447b

    , etc.; ἐ. τί; to what end? Ar.Nu. 256;

    ἐφ' ὅ τι Id.Lys.22

    , 481; ἐφ' ἃ ἤλθομεν for which purpose, Th.7.15, etc.; ἐπὶ ἴσα for like ends, Pi.N.7.5 (but ἐ. ἶσα μάχη τέτατο, = ἴσως, Il.12.436); ἐ. τὸ βέλτιον to a better result, X.An.7.8.4; ἀναστῆσαί τινα ἐ. χριστὸν Θεοῦ set up as God's anointed, LXX 2 Ki.23.1: after an Adj., ἄριστοι πᾶσαν

    ἐπ' ἰθύν Il.6.79

    , cf. Od.4.434;

    ἄπορος ἐ. φρόνιμα S.OT 691

     (lyr.); χρήσιμος

    ἐ... οὐδέν D.25.31

    : after a Noun,

    ὁδὸς ἐ. τι X.Cyr.1.6.21

    ; ὄργανα ἐ. τι ib.6.2.34.
    2. so far as regards,

    τοὐπὶ τήνδε τὴν κόρην S.Ant. 889

    ;

    ὅσον γε τοὐπ' ἐμέ E.Or. 1345

    ; τοὐπί σε, τὸ ἐ. σέ, Id.Hec. 514, X.Cyr.1.4.12;

    τὸ ἐ. σφᾶς εἶναι Th.4.28

    ; ὡς ἐ. τὸ πολύ for the most part, Arist.Top. 100b29, etc.;

    ἐ. πᾶν Th.2.51

    ; τὸ πρὸς ἅπαν

    ξυνετὸν ἐ. πᾶν ἀργόν Id.3.82

    ;

    κρείσσων ἐπ' ἀρετήν Democr.181

    ; ἐ.

    μέγα Call.Dian.55

    .
    3. of persons set over others, ἐ. τοὺς πεζοὺς

    καθιστάναι ἄρχοντα X.Cyr.4.5.58

    , cf. HG3.4.20; στρατηγὸς ἐ. τοὺς ὁπλίτας, ἐ. τὴν χώραν, Arist.Ath.61.1, IG22.682.24;

    ἐ. τὸν Πειραιέα Arist.Ath.

    l.c.;

    ἐ. Ῥαμνοῦντα IG2.1206b

     (cf. A. 111.1); οἱ θεσμοθέται

    οἱ ἐ. τοὺς νόμους κληρούμενοι D.20.90

    .
    4. according to, by, ἐ. στάθμην by the rule, Od.5.245, 21.44, etc.
    D. POSITION:— ἐπί may suffer anastrophe ([etym.] ἔπι) and follow its case, as in Il.1.162; it may like wise follow its Verb,

    ἤλυθ' ἔπι ψυχή Od.24.20

    , cf. Il.9.539.
    II. in Poets it is sts. put with the second of two Nouns, though in sense it also governs the first, ἢ ἁλὸς ἢ ἐ.

    γῆς Od.12.27

    , cf. S.OT 761, Ant. 367 (lyr.).
    E. ABS., used adverbially, without anastrophe, καὶ ἐ. σκέπας

    ἦν ἀνέμοιο Od.5.443

    ; κτεῖνον δ' ἐ. μηλοβοτῆρας as well, Il.18.529; esp. ἐ. δέ.. and besides.., Hdt.7.65,75, etc.;

    πολιαί τ' ἐ. ματέρες S. OT 182

     (lyr.).
    II. ἔπι, for ἔπεστι, there is, Il.1.515, 3.45, Od.16.315; οὐ γὰρ ἔπ' ἀνήρ.. there is no man.., 2.58; σοὶ δ' ἔ. μὲν μορφὴ

    ἐπέων 11.367

    ;

    ἔ. δέ μοι γέρας A.Eu. 393

     codd. (lyr.).
    F. PROSODY: in ἐπιόψομαι, ι is not elided before a vowel; also in some words where σ or ϝ has been lost, as ἐπιάλμενος, ἐπιείκελος, ἐπιεικής, ἐπιέξομαι (v.

    ἐπέχω v11

    ). [dialect] Dor. ἐπιεργάζομαι (v. ἐπιεργάζομαι).
    G. IN COMPOSITION:
    I. of Place, denoting,
    1. Support or Rest upon, ἔπειμι (A), ἐπίκειμαι, ἐπικαθίζω, ἐπαυχένιος, ἐπιβώμιος, etc.
    2. Motion,
    a. upon or over, ἐπιβαίνω, ἐπιτρέχω.
    b. to or towards, ἐπέρχομαι, ἐπιστέλλω, ἐπαρίστερος, ἐπιδέξιος.
    c. against,

    ἐπαΐσσω, ἐπιπλέω 11

    , ἐπιστρατεύω, ἐπιβουλεύω.
    e. over a place, as in ἐπαιωρέομαι, ἐπαρτάω.
    f. over or beyond boundaries, as in ἐπινέμομαι.
    g. implying reciprocity, as in ἐπιγαμία.
    3. Extension over a surface, as in ἐπαλείφω, ἐπανθίζω,

    ἐπιπέτομαι, ἐπιπλέω 1

    , ἐπάργυρος, ἐπίχρυσος.
    4. Accumulation of one thing over or besides another, as in ἐπαγείρω, ἐπιμανθάνω, ἐπαυξάνω, ἐπιβάλλω, ἐπίκτητος.
    5. Accompaniment, to, with, as in ἐπᾴδω, ἐπαυλέω, ἐπαγρυπνέω: hence of Addition, ἐπίτριτος one and 1/3 more, 1 +1/3; so ἐπιτέταρτος, ἐπίπεμπτος, ἐπόγδοος, etc.
    6. with Adjs., somewhat, slightly, as in ἐπίξανθος, ἐπίπικρος.
    II. of Time and Sequence, after, as in ἐπιβιόω, ἐπιβλαστάνω, ἐπιγίγνομαι,

    ἐπακόλουθος, ἐπίγονος, ἐπιστάτης 1.2

    .
    III. in causal senses:
    1. Superiority felt over or at, as in ἐπιχαίρω, ἐπιγελάω, ἐπαισχύνομαι.
    2. Authority over, as in ἐπικρατέω, ἔπαρχος, ἐπιβουκόλος, ἐπιποιμήν.
    3. Motive for, as in ἐπιθυμέω, ἐπιζήμιος, ἐπιθάνατος.
    4. to give force or intensity to the Verb, as in ἐπαινέω, ἐπιμέμφομαι, ἐπικείρω, ἐπικλάω.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἐπί

  • 10 actividad

    f.
    1 activity.
    desplegar una gran actividad to be in a flurry of activity
    en actividad active
    2 alertness.
    * * *
    1 activity
    \
    estar en plena actividad to be in full swing
    * * *
    noun f.
    2) work
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=acción) activity

    ha sido una jornada de escasa actividad bursátil — trading was slow o sluggish on the stock exchange today

    en actividad: el volcán aún está en actividad — the volcano is still active

    2) (=tarea profesional) work
    3) pl actividades (=actos) activities pl
    extraescolar
    * * *
    a) ( ocupación) activity
    b) (vida, movimiento) activity
    * * *
    = activity, ferment, operation, pursuit, business [businesses, -pl.], proaction, occasion.
    Ex. The vocabulary used in conjunction with PRECIS is split in two sections, one part for Entities (or things) and the other for Attributes (properties of things, for example colour, weight; activities of things, for example flow, and properties of activities, for example, slow, turbulent).
    Ex. Despite the ferment that was going on in the scientific information field during the middle years of the decade of the '50's, the ADI was struggling to survive; membership had shrunk to only 200.
    Ex. With the advent of micro-computers even much smaller cataloguing operations can effectively be computerised.
    Ex. What is more arguable is whether or not it is a bibliographical pursuit at all since it bears little relationship to the physical nature of the book.
    Ex. I think this whole business about whether punctuation is obtrusive or not is quite honestly not worth discussing.
    Ex. Based on their experience of mutual benefit over the past 3 years, both university libraries have transformed the goal of their interinstitutional agreement from protection to proaction.
    Ex. Children must be involved in important school occasions like school play performances, orchestral and choir concerts.
    ----
    * actividad al aire libre = outdoor activity.
    * actividad bibliotecaria = library activity.
    * actividad comercial = commercial activity.
    * actividad complementaria = follow-up activity.
    * actividad conjunta = cooperative effort.
    * actividad cultural = cultural activity.
    * actividad de extensión bibliotecaria = outreach activity.
    * actividad dirigida a recabar fondos = fundraiser [fund-raiser].
    * actividad editorial = publishing activity.
    * actividad extraescolar = extra-mural event, after-school activity, out-of-school activity.
    * actividad física = physical activity.
    * actividad fundamental = core activity.
    * actividad investigadora = research activity.
    * actividad lúdica = recreational activity.
    * actividad mental = mental activity.
    * actividad política = political activity.
    * actividad principal = core activity.
    * actividad profesional = professional activity.
    * actividad programada = planned activity.
    * actividad secundaria = sidelight activity.
    * actividad social = social activity.
    * actividad suplementaria = sideline.
    * bullir de actividad = be a hive of activity.
    * campo de actividad = area of application.
    * centro de actividad = focal point.
    * Clasificación Industrial General de las Actividades Económicas (NACE) = General Industrial Classification of Economic Activities (NACE).
    * con muchas actividades = event-filled.
    * desempeñar las actividades de uno = conduct + affairs.
    * desempeño de actividades = conduct of business.
    * desempeño de las actividades = conduct of affairs.
    * diversificar las actividades = branch out (into), branch into.
    * falta de actividad = inactivity, inaction.
    * horas de poca actividad = slack hours.
    * industria de actividades al aire libre, la = outdoor industry, the.
    * iniciar las actividades = get + things going, get + things rolling, start + the ball rolling, set + the ball rolling.
    * intervalo de cese de actividad interactiva = interactive timeout interval (ITI).
    * lleno de actividades = event-filled.
    * llevar a cabo actividades = conduct + business.
    * llevar a cabo una actividad = conduct + activity.
    * memoria de actividad realizada = interim report.
    * muestreo de actividades = activity sampling.
    * período de baja actividad = dry spell.
    * período de poca actividad = slack time, slack period, slack activity time.
    * planear una actividad = plot + activity.
    * presupuestación por actividades = performance budgeting.
    * presupuesto asignado por actividades = performance budget.
    * programa de actividades = timetable of activities, calendar of events, events calendar.
    * promover una actividad = launch + activity.
    * realización de actividades = conduct of business.
    * realizar actividades = conduct + business, do + activities.
    * realizar una actividad = engage in + practice, engage in + activity, perform + activity, conduct + activity.
    * registro de actividades realizadas = logbook [log book].
    * ser un hervidero de actividad = be a hive of activity.
    * suspender actividades = cease + activities.
    * tarea orientada hacia una actividad = activity-oriented task.
    * tasa de actividad = activity rate.
    * * *
    a) ( ocupación) activity
    b) (vida, movimiento) activity
    * * *
    = activity, ferment, operation, pursuit, business [businesses, -pl.], proaction, occasion.

    Ex: The vocabulary used in conjunction with PRECIS is split in two sections, one part for Entities (or things) and the other for Attributes (properties of things, for example colour, weight; activities of things, for example flow, and properties of activities, for example, slow, turbulent).

    Ex: Despite the ferment that was going on in the scientific information field during the middle years of the decade of the '50's, the ADI was struggling to survive; membership had shrunk to only 200.
    Ex: With the advent of micro-computers even much smaller cataloguing operations can effectively be computerised.
    Ex: What is more arguable is whether or not it is a bibliographical pursuit at all since it bears little relationship to the physical nature of the book.
    Ex: I think this whole business about whether punctuation is obtrusive or not is quite honestly not worth discussing.
    Ex: Based on their experience of mutual benefit over the past 3 years, both university libraries have transformed the goal of their interinstitutional agreement from protection to proaction.
    Ex: Children must be involved in important school occasions like school play performances, orchestral and choir concerts.
    * actividad al aire libre = outdoor activity.
    * actividad bibliotecaria = library activity.
    * actividad comercial = commercial activity.
    * actividad complementaria = follow-up activity.
    * actividad conjunta = cooperative effort.
    * actividad cultural = cultural activity.
    * actividad de extensión bibliotecaria = outreach activity.
    * actividad dirigida a recabar fondos = fundraiser [fund-raiser].
    * actividad editorial = publishing activity.
    * actividad extraescolar = extra-mural event, after-school activity, out-of-school activity.
    * actividad física = physical activity.
    * actividad fundamental = core activity.
    * actividad investigadora = research activity.
    * actividad lúdica = recreational activity.
    * actividad mental = mental activity.
    * actividad política = political activity.
    * actividad principal = core activity.
    * actividad profesional = professional activity.
    * actividad programada = planned activity.
    * actividad secundaria = sidelight activity.
    * actividad social = social activity.
    * actividad suplementaria = sideline.
    * bullir de actividad = be a hive of activity.
    * campo de actividad = area of application.
    * centro de actividad = focal point.
    * Clasificación Industrial General de las Actividades Económicas (NACE) = General Industrial Classification of Economic Activities (NACE).
    * con muchas actividades = event-filled.
    * desempeñar las actividades de uno = conduct + affairs.
    * desempeño de actividades = conduct of business.
    * desempeño de las actividades = conduct of affairs.
    * diversificar las actividades = branch out (into), branch into.
    * falta de actividad = inactivity, inaction.
    * horas de poca actividad = slack hours.
    * industria de actividades al aire libre, la = outdoor industry, the.
    * iniciar las actividades = get + things going, get + things rolling, start + the ball rolling, set + the ball rolling.
    * intervalo de cese de actividad interactiva = interactive timeout interval (ITI).
    * lleno de actividades = event-filled.
    * llevar a cabo actividades = conduct + business.
    * llevar a cabo una actividad = conduct + activity.
    * memoria de actividad realizada = interim report.
    * muestreo de actividades = activity sampling.
    * período de baja actividad = dry spell.
    * período de poca actividad = slack time, slack period, slack activity time.
    * planear una actividad = plot + activity.
    * presupuestación por actividades = performance budgeting.
    * presupuesto asignado por actividades = performance budget.
    * programa de actividades = timetable of activities, calendar of events, events calendar.
    * promover una actividad = launch + activity.
    * realización de actividades = conduct of business.
    * realizar actividades = conduct + business, do + activities.
    * realizar una actividad = engage in + practice, engage in + activity, perform + activity, conduct + activity.
    * registro de actividades realizadas = logbook [log book].
    * ser un hervidero de actividad = be a hive of activity.
    * suspender actividades = cease + activities.
    * tarea orientada hacia una actividad = activity-oriented task.
    * tasa de actividad = activity rate.

    * * *
    1 (ocupación) activity
    actividades extraescolares extracurricular activities
    2 (vida, movimiento) activity
    había mucha actividad en el aeropuerto there was a lot of activity at the airport
    todavía queda algo de actividad artesanal en estos pueblos there are still some crafts being practiced in these villages
    se registró escasa actividad en la Bolsa trading was slow o there was little movement on the Stock Exchange
    un volcán en actividad an active volcano
    su actividad mental es continua her mind is constantly active
    * * *

     

    actividad sustantivo femenino
    activity;

    actividad sustantivo femenino activity

    ' actividad' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abrir
    - alejada
    - alejado
    - alta
    - apuntarse
    - artesanía
    - baile
    - baja
    - borrarse
    - cacería
    - capitanear
    - cardiaca
    - cardíaca
    - cardiaco
    - cardíaco
    - catapulta
    - cerrarse
    - chupada
    - chupado
    - consagración
    - dejar
    - devoción
    - dominar
    - empezar
    - esquí
    - estampada
    - estampado
    - hacer
    - llenar
    - mosquearse
    - movimiento
    - obstaculizar
    - ocuparse
    - permanecer
    - practicar
    - práctica
    - propulsar
    - ramo
    - relación
    - respiro
    - retirar
    - retirada
    - retirado
    - retirarse
    - retiro
    - rutinaria
    - rutinario
    - salida
    - saltear
    - sastrería
    English:
    action
    - activity
    - bandwagon
    - business
    - change
    - chuck in
    - cooking
    - fall off
    - frantic
    - go in for
    - gym
    - heat up
    - hive
    - involvement
    - join
    - love
    - mindless
    - needlework
    - offshore
    - on
    - plumbing
    - practice
    - practise
    - risky
    - rowing
    - season
    - sex
    - shifty
    - sideline
    - spurt
    - strenuous
    - take up
    - time
    - work
    - writing
    - active
    - flurry
    - pursuit
    - side
    - slack
    - trading
    - yesterday
    * * *
    1. [trabajo, tarea] activity;
    mis numerosas actividades no me dejan tiempo para nada I'm involved in so many different activities o things that I have no time for anything else;
    empezó su actividad como escritor en 1947 he started writing in 1947;
    una ley que regula la actividad de las agencias de viajes a law that regulates the activities o operation of travel agencies
    actividad económica economic activity;
    tendrá un impacto negativo en la actividad económica mundial it will have a negative impact on world o global economic activity
    2.
    actividades [acciones] activities;
    la policía investiga las actividades de la organización the police are investigating the organization's activities
    3. [comercial] trading;
    el mercado registraba una actividad frenética there was furious trading on the markets
    4. [escolar] activity;
    un cuaderno de actividades an activities book
    actividades extraescolares extra-curricular activities
    5. [cualidad de activo] activeness;
    desplegar una gran actividad to be in a flurry of activity;
    un volcán en actividad an active volcano
    * * *
    f activity;
    * * *
    : activity
    * * *
    actividad n activity [pl. activities]

    Spanish-English dictionary > actividad

  • 11 al igual que

    like
    * * *
    = as with, like, in common with, much as, equalling that, after the fashion of, so too, similar to, much like
    Ex. As with author headings, sometimes one heading or title will be both sought and provide collocation, but on other occasions there will be a conflict between soughtness' and collocation.
    Ex. Thus PRECIS is an indexing system, which like any such system must be supported by an indexing language.
    Ex. In common with many other databases, MEDLARS (MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System) was primarily an offshoot from a printed indexing service.
    Ex. More studies are needed to identify the full temporal effects of the personal computer, much as they did for television.
    Ex. Interestingly, the Jacquard loom had a resolution of 1000 silk threads to the inch, equalling that of paper.
    Ex. Invented around 1850 by two Americans, the platen jobber worked after the fashion of a bivalve shell = Inventada alrededor de 1850 por dos norteamericanos, la máquina de presión plana funcionaba del mismo modo que un bivalvo.
    Ex. Quality is important but so too is hard statistical evidence of the library's productivity.
    Ex. Similar to economic impact analysis, cost-benefit analysis provides a quantitative presentation of the returns to a community's library investment.
    Ex. Cats do not have sweat glands the way humans do, so panting is the way cats cool their bodies down, much like dogs.
    * * *
    = as with, like, in common with, much as, equalling that, after the fashion of, so too, similar to, much like

    Ex: As with author headings, sometimes one heading or title will be both sought and provide collocation, but on other occasions there will be a conflict between soughtness' and collocation.

    Ex: Thus PRECIS is an indexing system, which like any such system must be supported by an indexing language.
    Ex: In common with many other databases, MEDLARS (MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System) was primarily an offshoot from a printed indexing service.
    Ex: More studies are needed to identify the full temporal effects of the personal computer, much as they did for television.
    Ex: Interestingly, the Jacquard loom had a resolution of 1000 silk threads to the inch, equalling that of paper.
    Ex: Invented around 1850 by two Americans, the platen jobber worked after the fashion of a bivalve shell = Inventada alrededor de 1850 por dos norteamericanos, la máquina de presión plana funcionaba del mismo modo que un bivalvo.
    Ex: Quality is important but so too is hard statistical evidence of the library's productivity.
    Ex: Similar to economic impact analysis, cost-benefit analysis provides a quantitative presentation of the returns to a community's library investment.
    Ex: Cats do not have sweat glands the way humans do, so panting is the way cats cool their bodies down, much like dogs.

    Spanish-English dictionary > al igual que

  • 12 como en el caso de

    = as with, just as for, as in the case of
    Ex. As with author headings, sometimes one heading or title will be both sought and provide collocation, but on other occasions there will be a conflict between soughtness' and collocation.
    Ex. The first line contains the volume, issue, cover date, number of copies, and the date received, just as for regular issues.
    Ex. Such documents are often not, strictly speaking, anonymous but, because they are written by several authors or appear at intervals over an indefinite period of time as in the case of periodicals and directories they tend to be known by their titles.
    * * *
    = as with, just as for, as in the case of

    Ex: As with author headings, sometimes one heading or title will be both sought and provide collocation, but on other occasions there will be a conflict between soughtness' and collocation.

    Ex: The first line contains the volume, issue, cover date, number of copies, and the date received, just as for regular issues.
    Ex: Such documents are often not, strictly speaking, anonymous but, because they are written by several authors or appear at intervals over an indefinite period of time as in the case of periodicals and directories they tend to be known by their titles.

    Spanish-English dictionary > como en el caso de

  • 13 como es el caso de

    = as it is with, as with
    Ex. Dust is an enemy of microcomputers as it is with any piece of electrical apparatus, and a dust cover costing a few pounds is a worthwhile purchase.
    Ex. As with author headings, sometimes one heading or title will be both sought and provide collocation, but on other occasions there will be a conflict between soughtness' and collocation.
    * * *
    = as it is with, as with

    Ex: Dust is an enemy of microcomputers as it is with any piece of electrical apparatus, and a dust cover costing a few pounds is a worthwhile purchase.

    Ex: As with author headings, sometimes one heading or title will be both sought and provide collocation, but on other occasions there will be a conflict between soughtness' and collocation.

    Spanish-English dictionary > como es el caso de

  • 14 diplomático

    adj.
    diplomatic, diplomat, politic, delicate.
    m.
    diplomat, diplomatist.
    * * *
    1 diplomatic
    2 figurado diplomatic, tactful
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 diplomat
    * * *
    1. (f. - diplomática)
    adj.
    2. (f. - diplomática)
    noun
    * * *
    diplomático, -a
    1. ADJ
    1) [carrera, cuerpo] diplomatic
    2) (=que tiene tacto) diplomatic, tactful
    2.
    SM / F diplomat
    diplomática
    * * *
    I
    - ca adjetivo
    1) (Pol) <carrera/pasaporte> diplomatic
    2) ( en el trato) diplomatic, tactful
    II
    - ca masculino, femenino diplomat
    * * *
    = diplomat, diplomatic, politic, ambassadorial.
    Ex. A considerable amount of archival material relating to Africa, Asia and Oceania has been created by the various activities of Austrian diplomats, merchants and pilgrims since the early modern period.
    Ex. An even more diplomatic explanation may be called for in those instances where it is necessary to explain to an enquirer that his question is not acceptable.
    Ex. Libraries are often confronted with finding a way of dealing with gift books which is both efficient and politic.
    Ex. A dress uniform is often worn for special occasions, such as weddings, courts martial, funerals, and the greeting of ambassadorial delegations and heads of state.
    ----
    * misión diplomática = diplomatic mission.
    * poco diplomático = indiscreet.
    * ser diplomático = say + the right thing.
    * * *
    I
    - ca adjetivo
    1) (Pol) <carrera/pasaporte> diplomatic
    2) ( en el trato) diplomatic, tactful
    II
    - ca masculino, femenino diplomat
    * * *
    = diplomat, diplomatic, politic, ambassadorial.

    Ex: A considerable amount of archival material relating to Africa, Asia and Oceania has been created by the various activities of Austrian diplomats, merchants and pilgrims since the early modern period.

    Ex: An even more diplomatic explanation may be called for in those instances where it is necessary to explain to an enquirer that his question is not acceptable.
    Ex: Libraries are often confronted with finding a way of dealing with gift books which is both efficient and politic.
    Ex: A dress uniform is often worn for special occasions, such as weddings, courts martial, funerals, and the greeting of ambassadorial delegations and heads of state.
    * misión diplomática = diplomatic mission.
    * poco diplomático = indiscreet.
    * ser diplomático = say + the right thing.

    * * *
    A ( Pol) ‹carrera/legación/pasaporte› diplomatic
    B (en el trato) ‹persona/manera› diplomatic, tactful
    masculine, feminine
    diplomat
    un diplomático de carrera a career diplomat
    * * *

    diplomático
    ◊ -ca adjetivo

    1 (Pol) ‹carrera/pasaporte› diplomatic
    2 ( en el trato) diplomatic, tactful
    ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
    diplomat
    diplomático,-a
    I adj Pol diplomatic
    cuerpo diplomático, diplomatic corps
    fam (hábil, sutil, cauto) tactful, diplomatic
    II sustantivo masculino y femenino diplomat
    ' diplomático' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    básica
    - básico
    - cd
    - cuerpo
    - diplomática
    - acreditado
    - acreditar
    - carrera
    - destinado
    - político
    - relación
    English:
    corps
    - diplomat
    - diplomatic
    - diplomatic corps
    - foreign service
    - tactful
    - tactless
    - undiplomatic
    * * *
    diplomático, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [de la diplomacia] diplomatic
    2. [sagaz, sutil] diplomatic
    ♦ nm,f
    diplomat;
    un diplomático de carrera a career diplomat
    * * *
    I adj diplomatic
    II m, diplomática f diplomat
    * * *
    diplomático, -ca adj
    : diplomatic
    diplomático, -ca n
    : diplomat
    * * *
    diplomático1 adj diplomatic
    diplomático2 n diplomat

    Spanish-English dictionary > diplomático

  • 15 facilidad de búsqueda

    (n.) = scannability, soughtness, searchability, findability
    Ex. The typefaces available for computer print-out may detract from the scannability of an index.
    Ex. As with author headings, sometimes one heading or title will be both sought and provide collocation, but on other occasions there will be a conflict between soughtness' and collocation.
    Ex. This could be achieved by either enhancing content representation in the records within the OPAC data base or by enhancing the searchability and browsability of the OPAC.
    Ex. Again in the realm of findability, an average 1.3 subject tracings per title is too low to maximize subject-access to materials especially in small-and medium-sized collections.
    * * *
    (n.) = scannability, soughtness, searchability, findability

    Ex: The typefaces available for computer print-out may detract from the scannability of an index.

    Ex: As with author headings, sometimes one heading or title will be both sought and provide collocation, but on other occasions there will be a conflict between soughtness' and collocation.
    Ex: This could be achieved by either enhancing content representation in the records within the OPAC data base or by enhancing the searchability and browsability of the OPAC.
    Ex: Again in the realm of findability, an average 1.3 subject tracings per title is too low to maximize subject-access to materials especially in small-and medium-sized collections.

    Spanish-English dictionary > facilidad de búsqueda

  • 16 raro

    adj.
    1 unusual, curious, rare, out of the common.
    2 strange, odd, queer, far-out.
    3 unfamiliar.
    * * *
    2 (escaso) scarce, rare
    3 (peculiar) odd, strange, weird
    4 (excelente) excellent
    ■ escribió un libro raro, una verdadera obra de arte she wrote a very good book, a real work of art
    \
    ¡qué raro! how odd!, that's strange!
    rara vez seldom
    * * *
    (f. - rara)
    adj.
    1) rare, uncommon, unusual, funny
    2) bizarre, weird
    3) odd
    •
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=extraño) strange, odd

    es raro que no haya llamado — it's strange o odd that he hasn't called

    ¡qué raro!, ¡qué cosa más rara! — how (very) strange!, how (very) odd!

    2) (=poco común) rare

    con alguna rara excepción — with few o rare exceptions

    de rara perfección — of rare perfection, of remarkable perfection

    rara vez nos visita, rara es la vez que nos visita — he rarely visits us

    3) (Fís) rare, rarefied
    * * *
    - ra adjetivo
    1)
    a) ( extraño) strange, odd, funny (colloq)

    es raro que... — it's strange o odd o funny that...

    qué cosa más rara! or qué raro! — how odd o strange!

    te noto muy raro hoy — you're acting very strangely today; ver bicho 2)

    b) ( poco frecuente) rare

    raro es el día que... — there's rarely o hardly a day when...

    aquí es raro que nieve — it's very unusual o rare for it to snow here

    2) < gas> rare
    * * *
    = bizarre, queer, rare, unusual, eccentric, odd, uncommon, untoward, weird [weirder -comp., weirdest -sup.], awry, funny [funnier -comp., funniest -sup.], outlandish, freaky [freakier -comp., freakiest -sup.], uncanny, cranky [crankier -comp., crankiest -sup.], kinky [kinkier -comp., kinkiest -sup.], flaky [flakey], freakish, quirky [quirkier -comp., quirkiest -sup.].
    Ex. Some of them will be sufficiently bizarre to suit the most fastidious connoisseur of the present artifacts of civilization.
    Ex. Several years later, his talk with a friend turns to the queer ways in which a people resist innovations, even of vital interest.
    Ex. In practice critical abstracts are rare, and certainly do not usually feature in published secondary services.
    Ex. If the book has an unusual shape then both the height and the width of the book will be given.
    Ex. School classrooms are sometimes extraordinarily badly designed with poor acoustics, ineffective blackout facilities, and notoriously eccentric electrical outlets.
    Ex. There is little modulation, whole steps of division being short-circuited and an odd assembly of terms being frequently found: e.g.: LAW see also JURY, JUDGES.
    Ex. Early woodcut initials, coats of arms, etc., were sometimes made from wood cut across the grain, but the use of end-grain blocks remained uncommon until the later eighteenth century.
    Ex. Perhaps, he questioned himself, this is the way every principal operates, and there is nothing untoward in it.
    Ex. This paper surveys some of the more weird World Wide Web sites.
    Ex. Could she not have detected that something in his behavior was awry?.
    Ex. The article 'What's that funny noise? Videogames in the library' explains how videogames have attracted many young irregular library users who may, in time, extend their attention to other library facilities.
    Ex. This book discusses some of the most outlandish myths and fantastic realities of medical history.
    Ex. This film is really just a series of throwaway skits that the director and scriptwriter attempt to lard with parody and freaky fantasy.
    Ex. Surrealism is an art concerned not with love and liberation but with the uncanny, the compulsion to repeat, and the drive toward death.
    Ex. For example, you already know that living in a windowless room will make you cranky and out of sorts.
    Ex. However, those desiring something off-the-wall, borderline kinky, and just plain mad might appreciate the novel.
    Ex. Children who were in some way different were excused from family responsibilities in childhood because they were, for example, 'spoiled,' a 'problem child,' or ' flaky'.
    Ex. 1816 was one of several years during the 1810s in which numerous crops failed during freakish summer cold snaps after volcanic eruptions that reduced incoming sunlight.
    Ex. 'Why are barns frequently painted red?' -- These are the curious, slightly bizarre and somewhat quirky kinds of questions librarians deal with.
    ----
    * aunque parezca raro = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough, funnily.
    * bicho raro = rare bird, odd bird, odd fish, freak of nature, rare breed, weirdo, nerdy [nerdier -comp., nerdiest -sup.], geek, nerd, geeky [geekier -comp., geekiest -sup.].
    * colección de libros raros = rare book collection.
    * de forma rara = oddly, funnily.
    * de manera rara = oddly, funnily.
    * demasiado raro = all too rare.
    * de modo raro = funnily.
    * de una manera rara = strangely.
    * de un modo raro = freakishly.
    * edición rara = rare edition.
    * en casos raros = in rare cases.
    * enfermedad rara = rare disease.
    * en raras ocasiones = in rare cases.
    * en raros casos = in rare cases.
    * especie rara = rare breed.
    * haber algo raro con = there + be + something fishy going on with.
    * Ley de los Medicamentos Raros, la = Orphan Drug Act, the.
    * libro raro = rare book.
    * muy rara vez = all too seldom, once in a blue moon.
    * parecer raro = sound + odd.
    * por muy raro que parezca = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.
    * ¡qué raro! = how strange!.
    * rara vez = infrequently, rarely, seldom, uncommonly, on rare occasions.
    * sala de libros raros = rare book room.
    * salvo raras excepciones = with rare exceptions.
    * ser algo muy raro = be a rare occurrence.
    * * *
    - ra adjetivo
    1)
    a) ( extraño) strange, odd, funny (colloq)

    es raro que... — it's strange o odd o funny that...

    qué cosa más rara! or qué raro! — how odd o strange!

    te noto muy raro hoy — you're acting very strangely today; ver bicho 2)

    b) ( poco frecuente) rare

    raro es el día que... — there's rarely o hardly a day when...

    aquí es raro que nieve — it's very unusual o rare for it to snow here

    2) < gas> rare
    * * *
    = bizarre, queer, rare, unusual, eccentric, odd, uncommon, untoward, weird [weirder -comp., weirdest -sup.], awry, funny [funnier -comp., funniest -sup.], outlandish, freaky [freakier -comp., freakiest -sup.], uncanny, cranky [crankier -comp., crankiest -sup.], kinky [kinkier -comp., kinkiest -sup.], flaky [flakey], freakish, quirky [quirkier -comp., quirkiest -sup.].

    Ex: Some of them will be sufficiently bizarre to suit the most fastidious connoisseur of the present artifacts of civilization.

    Ex: Several years later, his talk with a friend turns to the queer ways in which a people resist innovations, even of vital interest.
    Ex: In practice critical abstracts are rare, and certainly do not usually feature in published secondary services.
    Ex: If the book has an unusual shape then both the height and the width of the book will be given.
    Ex: School classrooms are sometimes extraordinarily badly designed with poor acoustics, ineffective blackout facilities, and notoriously eccentric electrical outlets.
    Ex: There is little modulation, whole steps of division being short-circuited and an odd assembly of terms being frequently found: e.g.: LAW see also JURY, JUDGES.
    Ex: Early woodcut initials, coats of arms, etc., were sometimes made from wood cut across the grain, but the use of end-grain blocks remained uncommon until the later eighteenth century.
    Ex: Perhaps, he questioned himself, this is the way every principal operates, and there is nothing untoward in it.
    Ex: This paper surveys some of the more weird World Wide Web sites.
    Ex: Could she not have detected that something in his behavior was awry?.
    Ex: The article 'What's that funny noise? Videogames in the library' explains how videogames have attracted many young irregular library users who may, in time, extend their attention to other library facilities.
    Ex: This book discusses some of the most outlandish myths and fantastic realities of medical history.
    Ex: This film is really just a series of throwaway skits that the director and scriptwriter attempt to lard with parody and freaky fantasy.
    Ex: Surrealism is an art concerned not with love and liberation but with the uncanny, the compulsion to repeat, and the drive toward death.
    Ex: For example, you already know that living in a windowless room will make you cranky and out of sorts.
    Ex: However, those desiring something off-the-wall, borderline kinky, and just plain mad might appreciate the novel.
    Ex: Children who were in some way different were excused from family responsibilities in childhood because they were, for example, 'spoiled,' a 'problem child,' or ' flaky'.
    Ex: 1816 was one of several years during the 1810s in which numerous crops failed during freakish summer cold snaps after volcanic eruptions that reduced incoming sunlight.
    Ex: 'Why are barns frequently painted red?' -- These are the curious, slightly bizarre and somewhat quirky kinds of questions librarians deal with.
    * aunque parezca raro = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough, funnily.
    * bicho raro = rare bird, odd bird, odd fish, freak of nature, rare breed, weirdo, nerdy [nerdier -comp., nerdiest -sup.], geek, nerd, geeky [geekier -comp., geekiest -sup.].
    * colección de libros raros = rare book collection.
    * de forma rara = oddly, funnily.
    * de manera rara = oddly, funnily.
    * demasiado raro = all too rare.
    * de modo raro = funnily.
    * de una manera rara = strangely.
    * de un modo raro = freakishly.
    * edición rara = rare edition.
    * en casos raros = in rare cases.
    * enfermedad rara = rare disease.
    * en raras ocasiones = in rare cases.
    * en raros casos = in rare cases.
    * especie rara = rare breed.
    * haber algo raro con = there + be + something fishy going on with.
    * Ley de los Medicamentos Raros, la = Orphan Drug Act, the.
    * libro raro = rare book.
    * muy rara vez = all too seldom, once in a blue moon.
    * parecer raro = sound + odd.
    * por muy raro que parezca = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.
    * ¡qué raro! = how strange!.
    * rara vez = infrequently, rarely, seldom, uncommonly, on rare occasions.
    * sala de libros raros = rare book room.
    * salvo raras excepciones = with rare exceptions.
    * ser algo muy raro = be a rare occurrence.

    * * *
    raro -ra
    A
    1 (extraño) strange, odd, funny ( colloq)
    es raro que aún no haya venido it's strange o odd o funny that he hasn't come yet
    ya me parecía raro que no salieras I thought it was a bit strange o odd you weren't going out
    ¡qué cosa más rara! or ¡qué raro! how odd o strange o funny o peculiar!
    me siento raro en este ambiente I feel strange o funny in these surroundings
    es un poco rarilla she's a bit odd o strange o funny o peculiar
    ¿qué te pasa hoy? te noto/estás muy raro what's up with you today? you're acting very strangely
    me miró como si fuera un bicho raro ( fam); he looked at me as if I was some kind of weirdo ( colloq)
    ¡qué tipo más raro! what a strange o peculiar o funny man!
    2 (poco frecuente, común) rare
    salvo raras excepciones with a few rare exceptions
    raro es el día que no sale there's rarely o hardly a day when she doesn't go out
    aquí es raro que nieve it rarely o seldom snows here, it's very unusual o rare for it to snow here
    B ‹gas› rare
    * * *

     

    raro
    ◊ -ra adjetivo

    a) ( extraño) strange, odd, funny (colloq);

    ◊ es raro que … it's strange o odd o funny that …;

    ¡qué raro! how odd o strange!;
    te noto muy raro hoy you're acting very strangely today


    aquí es raro que nieve it's very unusual o rare for it to snow here
    raro,-a adjetivo
    1 (no frecuente) rare: es raro que no llame, it's unusual for her not to telephone
    2 (poco común) odd, strange: ¡qué sombrero más raro!, what a weird hat!
    tiene un raro sentido del humor, he's got a warped sense of humour
    ♦ Locuciones: Paco es un bicho raro, Paco is a weirdo
    ' raro' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bicho
    - chocante
    - disgustar
    - individuo
    - particular
    - peculiar
    - rara
    - singular
    - tipo
    - artefacto
    - extraño
    - gusto
    - olor
    - sonar
    English:
    flaky
    - funny
    - most
    - odd
    - odd-looking
    - oddbod
    - oddity
    - odor
    - odour
    - peculiar
    - queer
    - rare
    - set-up
    - should
    - strange
    - strangely
    - unlikely
    - unusual
    - weird
    - for
    - how
    - incongruous
    - like
    - oddball
    - seem
    - strike
    - uncanny
    * * *
    raro, -a adj
    1. [extraño] strange, odd;
    ¡qué raro! how strange o odd!;
    ¡qué raro que no haya llamado! it's very strange o odd that she hasn't called;
    es raro que no nos lo haya dicho it's odd o funny that she didn't tell us;
    ya me parecía raro que no hubiera dicho nada I thought it was strange o odd that he hadn't said anything;
    no sé qué le pasa últimamente, está o [m5] la noto muy rara I don't know what's up with her lately, she's been acting very strangely
    2. [excepcional] unusual, rare;
    [visita] infrequent;
    rara vez rarely;
    es raro el día que viene a comer she very rarely comes round for lunch;
    raro es el que no fuma very few of them don't smoke
    3. [extravagante] odd, eccentric
    4. [escaso] rare
    5. Quím rare
    * * *
    adj
    1 rare
    2 ( extraño) strange;
    ¡qué raro! how strange!
    * * *
    raro, -ra adj
    1) extraño: odd, strange, peculiar
    2) : unusual, rare
    3) : exceptional
    4)
    rara vez : seldom, rarely
    * * *
    raro adj
    1. (extraño) strange / odd

    Spanish-English dictionary > raro

  • 17 raíz

    f.
    1 root, radicle.
    2 root, bottom, center.
    3 radical, stem, stem of the word, root.
    4 root, nth root.
    * * *
    1 root
    \
    a raíz de figurado as a result of
    arrancar de raíz to pull up by the roots, uproot 2 figurado to eradicate
    cortar algo de raíz (erradicar) to root out something 2 (abortar) to nip something in the bud
    de raíz entirely
    echar raíces (planta) to take root 2 (persona) to settle, put down roots
    raíz cuadrada square root
    raíz cúbica cube root
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) [de planta] root

    de raíz —

    2) [de diente, pelo] root
    3) (Mat)
    4) (=origen) root

    la bebida fue la raíz de todos sus males — drink was the root cause o was at the root of all his troubles

    5)
    6) (Ling) root
    7) (Inform) root
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Bot) root

    de raíz: arrancar una planta de raíz to uproot a plant; arranca el vello de raíz it removes the hair at the roots; eliminaron de raíz el problema they eradicated the problem; echar raíces — planta to take root; persona to put down roots; costumbre/doctrina to take root

    b) (de diente, pelo) root
    2) (Ling) root
    3)
    a) (Mat) root

    raíz cuadrada/cúbica — square/cube root

    b) (Inf)
    4)
    a) ( origen) root
    b)
    * * *
    = root, root, root, stem, root element, root cause.
    Ex. There will be occasions when it is difficult to see any helpful principle; for example, in what order should we arrange grain crops, root crops, legumes, etc. in the crops facet in Agriculture?.
    Ex. However, many indexing systems have evolved over the last century, and have their roots in a time when detailed specification of subjects was unnecessary.
    Ex. The procedure begins by matching strings of characters in the title word with roots, or stems, of words stored in computer memory.
    Ex. Some subjects have one stem, for example, sterilizer, sterilizing, sterilized, sterilization.
    Ex. The structure of a hierarchical file can be represented as a tree with a single root element at the top, plus node elements at the ends of the branches that spread out from the top to the bottom.
    Ex. This article highlights the root causes of nativism against both immigrants and U.S. immigration policy arising from increasing legal and illegal immigration.
    ----
    * agrupar palabras que tienen la misma raíz = merge + word forms.
    * a raíz de = in the wake of.
    * cepillo de raíces = scrubbing brush.
    * cortar Algo de raíz = nip + Nombre + in the bud, nip + Nombre + in the bud.
    * echar raíces = settle down, root.
    * las raíces se remontan = roots + lie.
    * las raíces se remontan a = roots + lie.
    * olvidarse de las raíces de Uno = forget + Posesivo + roots.
    * raíz cuadrada = square root.
    * raíz del problema, la = root of the problem, the.
    * raíz de palabra = word stem.
    * raíz histórica = historical root.
    * reducción de una palabra a su raíz = stemming.
    * reducir una palabra a su raíz = stem.
    * Tesauro Raíz = Root Thesaurus.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Bot) root

    de raíz: arrancar una planta de raíz to uproot a plant; arranca el vello de raíz it removes the hair at the roots; eliminaron de raíz el problema they eradicated the problem; echar raíces — planta to take root; persona to put down roots; costumbre/doctrina to take root

    b) (de diente, pelo) root
    2) (Ling) root
    3)
    a) (Mat) root

    raíz cuadrada/cúbica — square/cube root

    b) (Inf)
    4)
    a) ( origen) root
    b)
    * * *
    = root, root, root, stem, root element, root cause.

    Ex: There will be occasions when it is difficult to see any helpful principle; for example, in what order should we arrange grain crops, root crops, legumes, etc. in the crops facet in Agriculture?.

    Ex: However, many indexing systems have evolved over the last century, and have their roots in a time when detailed specification of subjects was unnecessary.
    Ex: The procedure begins by matching strings of characters in the title word with roots, or stems, of words stored in computer memory.
    Ex: Some subjects have one stem, for example, sterilizer, sterilizing, sterilized, sterilization.
    Ex: The structure of a hierarchical file can be represented as a tree with a single root element at the top, plus node elements at the ends of the branches that spread out from the top to the bottom.
    Ex: This article highlights the root causes of nativism against both immigrants and U.S. immigration policy arising from increasing legal and illegal immigration.
    * agrupar palabras que tienen la misma raíz = merge + word forms.
    * a raíz de = in the wake of.
    * cepillo de raíces = scrubbing brush.
    * cortar Algo de raíz = nip + Nombre + in the bud, nip + Nombre + in the bud.
    * echar raíces = settle down, root.
    * las raíces se remontan = roots + lie.
    * las raíces se remontan a = roots + lie.
    * olvidarse de las raíces de Uno = forget + Posesivo + roots.
    * raíz cuadrada = square root.
    * raíz del problema, la = root of the problem, the.
    * raíz de palabra = word stem.
    * raíz histórica = historical root.
    * reducción de una palabra a su raíz = stemming.
    * reducir una palabra a su raíz = stem.
    * Tesauro Raíz = Root Thesaurus.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Bot) root
    de raíz: arrancar una planta de raíz to uproot a plant, to pull a plant up by the roots
    arranca el vello de raíz it removes the hair at the roots
    eliminaron de raíz el problema de la droga they eradicated the drug problem
    echar raíces «planta» to root, take root;
    «persona» to put down roots; «costumbre/doctrina» to take root, take hold
    una costumbre que no ha echado raíces aquí a custom which has not taken root o taken hold o caught on here
    2 (de un diente, pelo) root
    B ( Ling) root
    C
    1 ( Mat) root
    raíz cuadrada/cúbica square/cube root
    2 ( Inf):
    está en el directorio raíz it's in the root directory
    D
    1 (origen) root
    la raíz de todos los males de la sociedad the root of all society's ills
    este problema tiene raíces políticas the roots of this problem are political
    hay que atacar este mal en su raíz we have to attack the root causes of this evil, we have to attack this evil at its roots
    la tradición tiene sus raíces en los países nórdicos the tradition originated in the Nordic countries
    tiene sus raíces en la Alta Edad Media it has its roots in o it dates back to the Early Middle Ages
    esta secta tiene sus raíces en la India this sect originated in India
    2
    a raíz de as a result of
    a raíz de los acontecimientos del pasado martes as a result of o following last Tuesday's events
    * * *

     

    raíz sustantivo femenino ( en general) root;


    ‹ vello› to remove … at the roots;

    a raíz de as a result of;
    echar raíces [planta/costumbre/ideología] to take root;

    [ persona] to put down roots
    raíz sustantivo femenino root
    la raíz del problema, the heart of the matter
    Mat raíz cuadrada/cúbica, square/cube root
    ♦ Locuciones: a raíz de, as a result of, in the wake of
    de raíz, at the root of: cortaron el problema de raíz, they nipped the problem in the bud
    ' raíz' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    arrancar
    - cúbica
    - cúbico
    - cuajo
    - lonja
    - profundo
    English:
    cube
    - nip
    - root
    - root out
    - root up
    - square
    - stem
    - tear up
    - free
    - result
    - strain
    - up
    * * *
    ♦ nf
    1. [de planta] root;
    la solución tiene que ser de raíz the solution has to attack the heart of the problem;
    arrancar algo de raíz [planta] to root sth out completely;
    el gobierno cortó de raíz el levantamiento the government nipped the uprising in the bud;
    eliminaron de raíz el problema del terrorismo the problem of terrorism was stamped out;
    echar raíces [árbol, planta] to take root;
    [persona] to put down roots raíz tuberosa tuberous root
    2. [de pelo, muela] root
    3. [origen] origin;
    de raíces humildes of humble origins;
    la costumbre tiene su raíz en la España del siglo XV the custom has its roots o origin in 15th century Spain
    4. [causa] root;
    el dinero es la raíz de todos sus males money is at the root of all her problems
    5. Ling root
    6. Informát root
    7. Mat root
    raíz cuadrada square root;
    raíz cúbica cube root
    ♦ a raíz de loc prep
    as a result of, following;
    * * *
    f
    1 root;
    echar raíces de persona put down roots; de costumbre take root;
    arrancar de raíz pull up by the root;
    cortar algo de raíz fig nip sth in the bud;
    a raíz de as a result of
    2 MAT
    :
    raíz cuadrada/cúbica square/cube root
    * * *
    raíz nf, pl raíces
    1) : root
    2) : origin, source
    3)
    a raíz de : following, as a result of
    4)
    echar raíces : to take root
    * * *
    raíz n root

    Spanish-English dictionary > raíz

  • 18 variado

    adj.
    varied, mixed, assorted, diverse.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: variar.
    * * *
    1→ link=variar variar
    1 varied, mixed
    2 (galletas, helados) assorted
    * * *
    (f. - variada)
    adj.
    diverse, mixed, varied
    * * *
    ADJ (gen) varied; (=diverso) mixed; (=surtido) assorted; [superficie, color] variegated
    * * *
    - da adjetivo
    a) <programa/vida/trabajo> varied
    b) ( diverso)

    aperitivos/postres variados — choice of aperitifs/desserts

    * * *
    = assorted, comprehensive, multifarious, varied, broadly based, kaleidoscopic, multifaceted [multi-faceted], wide-ranging [wide ranging], far-ranging, diversified, many-faceted, multidimensional [multi-dimensional].
    Ex. Also available are other assorted data bases, including ACCOUNTANTS (index), SPORT (printed equivalent is Sport and Recreation Index), and WPI (World Patents Index covering the patent specifications issued by patent offices in major industrial nations).
    Ex. One of the factors to consider in the selection of a data base is whether the data base is comprehensive or not.
    Ex. In the case of the book, it is the interplay of such multifarious trends that will determine its destiny.
    Ex. In contrast, the choice of a subject heading or notation presents many varied problems of interpretation.
    Ex. Library schools are offering broadly based courses with increasing emphasis on technology and information systems, but practising librarians still need the traditional skills.
    Ex. Recruitment of children's librarians is a kaleidoscopic issue involving multifaceted attempts to address a broad spectrum of problems.
    Ex. Recruitment of children's librarians is a kaleidoscopic issue involving multifaceted attempts to address a broad spectrum of problems.
    Ex. The contents of this handbook are comprehensive and wide-ranging.
    Ex. Florida's libraries provide substantial, far-ranging, and varied economic benefits.
    Ex. This is the way ahead for public services, based as they are on both social equity and diversified need.
    Ex. The solutions to educational problems will be necessarily complex and many-faceted.
    Ex. The attraction of such displays is that the multidimensional relationships between subjects may be shown since any one subject can be displayed in juxtaposition with several others.
    ----
    * en variadas ocasiones = on several occasions.
    * posibilidades muy variadas = rich possibilities.
    * una variada gama de = a whole gamut of.
    * * *
    - da adjetivo
    a) <programa/vida/trabajo> varied
    b) ( diverso)

    aperitivos/postres variados — choice of aperitifs/desserts

    * * *
    = assorted, comprehensive, multifarious, varied, broadly based, kaleidoscopic, multifaceted [multi-faceted], wide-ranging [wide ranging], far-ranging, diversified, many-faceted, multidimensional [multi-dimensional].

    Ex: Also available are other assorted data bases, including ACCOUNTANTS (index), SPORT (printed equivalent is Sport and Recreation Index), and WPI (World Patents Index covering the patent specifications issued by patent offices in major industrial nations).

    Ex: One of the factors to consider in the selection of a data base is whether the data base is comprehensive or not.
    Ex: In the case of the book, it is the interplay of such multifarious trends that will determine its destiny.
    Ex: In contrast, the choice of a subject heading or notation presents many varied problems of interpretation.
    Ex: Library schools are offering broadly based courses with increasing emphasis on technology and information systems, but practising librarians still need the traditional skills.
    Ex: Recruitment of children's librarians is a kaleidoscopic issue involving multifaceted attempts to address a broad spectrum of problems.
    Ex: Recruitment of children's librarians is a kaleidoscopic issue involving multifaceted attempts to address a broad spectrum of problems.
    Ex: The contents of this handbook are comprehensive and wide-ranging.
    Ex: Florida's libraries provide substantial, far-ranging, and varied economic benefits.
    Ex: This is the way ahead for public services, based as they are on both social equity and diversified need.
    Ex: The solutions to educational problems will be necessarily complex and many-faceted.
    Ex: The attraction of such displays is that the multidimensional relationships between subjects may be shown since any one subject can be displayed in juxtaposition with several others.
    * en variadas ocasiones = on several occasions.
    * posibilidades muy variadas = rich possibilities.
    * una variada gama de = a whole gamut of.

    * * *
    variado -da
    1 ‹programa/repertorio› varied; ‹vida/trabajo› varied
    2
    (diverso): ropa de colores variados clothes in a variety of o in various colors
    [ S ] aperitivos/postres variados choice of aperitifs/desserts
    hubo reacciones variadas ante el atentado reactions to the attack were varied, there were diverse o varying reactions to the attack
    * * *

     

    Del verbo variar: ( conjugate variar)

    variado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    variado    
    variar
    variado
    ◊ -da adjetivo

    a) ‹programa/vida/trabajo› varied

    b) ( diverso):


    variar ( conjugate variar) verbo intransitivo [precio/temperatura] to vary;
    ◊ las temperaturas varían entre 20°C y 25°C temperatures range o vary between 20°C and 25°C;

    para variado (iró) (just) for a change (iro)
    verbo transitivo
    1 ( hacer variado) ‹ menú› to vary;
    ‹ producción› to vary, diversify
    2 ( cambiar) ‹decoración/rumbo› to change, alter
    variado,-a adj (que tiene variedad) varied
    (surtido) assorted
    variar verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo to vary, change
    para variar, just for a change
    irón llegará tarde, para variar, he'll be late, as usual
    podríamos ver una película, para variar, we could see a movie, just for a change
    ' variado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    amplia
    - amplio
    - diversa
    - diverso
    - surtida
    - surtido
    - variada
    - variar
    - vario
    English:
    assorted
    - misc.
    - miscellaneous
    - mixed
    - motley
    - varied
    - Catholic
    - wide
    * * *
    variado, -a adj
    1. [diverso] varied;
    fue un día muy variado it was a very varied day
    2. [galletas, bombones] assorted
    * * *
    adj varied
    * * *
    variado, -da adj
    : varied, diverse
    * * *
    variado adj varied

    Spanish-English dictionary > variado

  • 19 tout

    c black tout, toute [tu, tut]
    ━━━━━━━━━
    ━━━━━━━━━
    (masculine plural tous, feminine plural toutes)
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► Lorsque tout fait partie d'une locution comme en tout cas, tout le temps, reportez-vous aussi à l'autre mot.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    1. <
       a. ( = entier)
       b. ( = unique) only
    • pour tout mobilier, il avait un lit et une table the only furniture he had was a bed and a table
       c. (indéfini)
    ► tout, toute + nom singulier ( = n'importe quel) any
    • pour tout renseignement, téléphoner... for information, ring...► à toute ! (inf) see you later!
    ► tous les, toutes les + nom pluriel ( = chaque) every ; ( = la totalité des) all the
    2. <
    • tout ce que je sais, c'est qu'il est parti all I know is that he's gone
    • l'organisation a tout d'une secte the organization is nothing less than a sect► à tout va (inf) [licencier, investir, recruter] like mad (inf) ; [libéralisme, communication, consommation] unbridled
    • à l'époque, on construisait à tout va at that time there were buildings going up everywhere► en tout ( = au total) in all
    • ça coûte 1 000 € en tout it costs 1,000 euros in all
    • avec les vacances et tout, je n'ai pas eu le temps what with the holidays and all (inf), I didn't have time
    • j'avais préparé le dîner, fait le ménage et tout et tout I'd made the dinner, done the housework and everything► c'est + tout
    • ce sera tout ? will that be all?
    • et ce n'est pas tout ! and that's not all!
    • c'est pas tout ça, mais il est tard (inf) all this is very nice, but it's getting late► ce n'est pas tout de
    • ce n'est pas tout de faire son métier, il faut le faire bien it's not enough just to do your job, you have to do it well
    • cette idée avait surpris et pour tout dire n'avait pas convaincu this idea surprised everybody and, to be honest, wasn't convincing
    c black   b. (pluriel) tous
    • toutes ( = l'ensemble des personnes) all
    • écoutez bien tous ! listen, all of you!
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ✦ The final s of tous is pronounced only when it is a pronoun.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    3. <
       a. ► tout + adjectif ( = très) very ; ( = entièrement) quite
    • toute petite, elle aimait la campagne as a very small child she liked the country► tout (+ en) + nom
    • je suis tout ouïe ! I'm all ears!
       b. ( = déjà) tout prêt
       c. ► tout en + participe présent
       d. (locutions)
    • vous êtes d'accord ? -- tout à fait ! do you agree? -- absolutely!► tout à l'heure ( = plus tard) later ; ( = peu avant) a short while ago
    • tout à l'heure tu as dit que... you said earlier that...
    • à tout à l'heure ! see you later!► tout de suite straightaway
    • ce n'est pas pour tout de suite ( = ce n'est pas près d'arriver) it won't happen overnight ; ( = c'est improbable) it's hardly likely to happen
    4. <
       a. ( = ensemble) whole
    • ce n'est pas le tout de s'amuser, il faut travailler there's more to life than enjoying yourself, people have got to work
       c. (locutions)
    • pas du tout ! not at all!
    * * *
    tu
    1.
    toute tut, mpl tous tu adj, tus pron, fpl toutes tut pronom indéfini
    1) tout ( chaque chose) everything; ( n'importe quoi) anything; ( l'ensemble) all

    en tout — ( au total) in all; ( entièrement) in every respect

    tout bien compté or pesé or considéré — all in all

    tout est là — fig that's the whole point

    et tout et tout — (colloq) and all that sort of thing

    ce n'est pas tout (que) de commencer un travail, il faut le finir — it's not enough ou it's all very well to start off a job, it's got to be finished

    2) tous tus, toutes ( la totalité des êtres ou choses) all; (la totalité des éléments d'une catégorie, d'un groupe) all of them/us/you

    toutes tant qu'elles sont — all of them, each and every one of them


    2.

    bois tout ton lait — drink all your milk, drink up your milk

    c'est tout un travail/événement — it's quite a job/an event

    3) (devant ce qui/que/dont) ( l'ensemble) all; ( toutes les choses) everything; ( sans discrimination) anything

    ‘tu en es sûr?’ - ‘tout ce qu'il y a de plus sûr’ — ‘are you sure?’ - ‘as sure as can be’

    4) ( n'importe quel) any

    à tout moment — ( n'importe quand) at any time; ( sans cesse) constantly

    5) ( total)

    en toute innocence/franchise — in all innocence/honesty

    6) (unique, seul)

    il a souri pour toute réponse — his only reply was a smile, he smiled by way of a reply

    en toutes choses — in all things, in everything

    toutes les pages sont déchirées — all the pages are torn, every page is torn

    nous irons tous les deux — both of us will go, we'll both go

    8) ( chaque) tous/toutes les every

    3.
    adverbe (normally invariable, but agrees in gender and in number with feminine adjective beginning with consonant or h-aspirate)
    1) (très, extrêmement) very, quite; ( entièrement) all

    tout étonnées/toutes honteuses — very surprised/ashamed

    tout enfant, elle aimait déjà dessiner — as a small child she already liked to draw

    être tout mouillé/sale — to be all wet/dirty

    c'est tout autre chose, c'est une tout autre histoire — it's a different matter altogether

    c'est tout l'inverse or le contraire — it's the very opposite

    avec toi, c'est tout l'un ou tout l'autre — you see everything in black and white

    tout à côté de/contre/en haut — right by/against/at the top

    ils étaient tout en sang/en sueur — they were covered in blood/bathed in sweat

    4) ( d'avance)
    5) ( en même temps) while; ( bien que) although
    6) (marquant la concession: quoique)

    tout malin/roi qu'il est, il... — he may be clever/a king, but he...

    je suis tout ouïe — hum I'm all ears


    4.
    du tout locution adverbiale

    (pas) du tout, (point) du tout — not at all


    5.
    nom masculin (pl touts)
    1) ( ensemble)

    former un tout — to make up ou form a whole

    mon tout — ( charade) my whole, my all

    2)

    le tout — ( la totalité) the whole lot, the lot; ( l'essentiel) the main thing

    le tout est de réussir — the main ou most important thing is to succeed

    ce n'est pas le tout! — (colloq) this is no good!


    6.
    Tout- (in compounds)

    le Tout-Paris/-Londres — the Paris/London smart set

    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••

    ••
    Quand tout fait partie d'une locution figée comme tous feux éteints, à tout hasard, de toute(s) part(s), tout compte fait, après tout etc, qu'il est fréquemment associé à un adjectif ou un adverbe donné comme tout nu, tout neuf, tout plein, tout simplement etc, la traduction sera donnée sous le terme principal
    1. Lorsque tout, adjectif singulier, exprime la totalité, plusieurs traductions sont possibles mais non toujours interchangeables. De manière générale
    On emploiera all lorsque le mot qualifié est non dénombrable: tout le vin/l'argent = all the wine/the money; tout ce bruit/leur talent = all that noise/their talent; c'est tout ce que je sais = that's all I know
    On emploiera the whole si tout peut être remplacé par entier: tout le gâteau/groupe = the whole cake/group
    tout un dans le sens de entier se traduit toujours par a whole: tout un livre = a whole book
    Mais: connaître tout Zola/le Japon = to know the whole of Zola/Japan; lire tout ‘Les Misérables’ = to read the whole of ‘Les Misérables’; pendant tout mon séjour = for the whole of my stay
    Avec certains mots, en particulier les mots désignant la durée ( journée, mois, saison, vie, vacances etc), les collectifs tels que famille, on pourra employer all ou the whole, la seconde traduction étant légèrement plus emphatique: toute ma vie = all my life, the whole of my life
    tout le pays/toute la ville = all the country/town ou = the whole country/town lorsque ces mots désignent la population; au sens géographique, seule la deuxième traduction convient
    2. throughout (ou all through) signifie du début à la fin, d'un bout à l'autre. On l'emploie souvent pour insister sur la durée ou l'étendue devant un terme singulier ou pluriel qui désigne l'espace de temps ou l'événement pendant lequel un fait a lieu, ou encore le territoire sur lequel il a lieu: pendant tout le match/tous ces mois = throughout the match/those months; la rumeur se répandit dans toute la province = the rumour [BrE] spread throughout the province; faire tout le trajet debout = to stand throughout the journey (ou for the whole journey); il neige sur toute la France = it's snowing throughout France (ou all over France)
    Au pluriel, tous, toutes se traduiront par all pour exprimer la totalité, par every pour insister sur les composants d'un ensemble, ou encore par any pour indiquer l'absence de discrimination. On notera que every and any sont suivis du singulier

    ••
    Quand tout fait partie d'une locution figée comme tous feux éteints, à tout hasard, de toute(s) part(s), tout compte fait, après tout etc, qu'il est fréquemment associé à un adjectif ou un adverbe donné comme tout nu, tout neuf, tout plein, tout simplement etc, la traduction sera donnée sous le terme principal
    1. Lorsque tout, adjectif singulier, exprime la totalité, plusieurs traductions sont possibles mais non toujours interchangeables. De manière générale
    On emploiera all lorsque le mot qualifié est non dénombrable: tout le vin/l'argent = all the wine/the money; tout ce bruit/leur talent = all that noise/their talent; c'est tout ce que je sais = that's all I know
    On emploiera the whole si tout peut être remplacé par entier: tout le gâteau/groupe = the whole cake/group
    tout un dans le sens de entier se traduit toujours par a whole: tout un livre = a whole book
    Mais: connaître tout Zola/le Japon = to know the whole of Zola/Japan; lire tout ‘Les Misérables’ = to read the whole of ‘Les Misérables’; pendant tout mon séjour = for the whole of my stay
    Avec certains mots, en particulier les mots désignant la durée ( journée, mois, saison, vie, vacances etc), les collectifs tels que famille, on pourra employer all ou the whole, la seconde traduction étant légèrement plus emphatique: toute ma vie = all my life, the whole of my life
    tout le pays/toute la ville = all the country/town ou = the whole country/town lorsque ces mots désignent la population; au sens géographique, seule la deuxième traduction convient
    2. throughout (ou all through) signifie du début à la fin, d'un bout à l'autre. On l'emploie souvent pour insister sur la durée ou l'étendue devant un terme singulier ou pluriel qui désigne l'espace de temps ou l'événement pendant lequel un fait a lieu, ou encore le territoire sur lequel il a lieu: pendant tout le match/tous ces mois = throughout the match/those months; la rumeur se répandit dans toute la province = the rumour [BrE] spread throughout the province; faire tout le trajet debout = to stand throughout the journey (ou for the whole journey); il neige sur toute la France = it's snowing throughout France (ou all over France)
    Au pluriel, tous, toutes se traduiront par all pour exprimer la totalité, par every pour insister sur les composants d'un ensemble, ou encore par any pour indiquer l'absence de discrimination. On notera que every and any sont suivis du singulier
    * * *
    tu, tut tout, -e tous mpl toutes fpl
    1. adj

    toute la nuit — all night, the whole night

    tout le temps — all the time, the whole time

    c'est toute une affaire; c'est toute une histoire — it's quite a business, it's a whole rigmarole

    2) (avec article pluriel) (= chaque) every, (idée d'intégralité) all

    toutes les deux semaines — every other week, every two weeks

    toutes les trois semaines — every three weeks, every third week

    tous les deux; Nous y sommes allés tous les deux. — We both went., Both of us went.

    Nous y sommes allés tous les trois. — All three of us went.

    Je les ai invités tous les trois. — I invited all three of them.

    3) (sans article) (= n'importe quel)

    à toute heure du jour ou de la nuit — at any time of the day or night, (= seul)

    pour toute nourriture, il avait... — his only food was..., (= chaque)

    de tous côtés; de toutes parts (= de partout) — from everywhere, from every side, (= partout) all around

    2. pron

    tous; toutes — all

    Il a tout fait. — He did everything.

    Il a tout organisé. — He organized everything.

    Je les vois tous. — I can see them all., I can see all of them.

    Je les connais tous. — I know them all., I know all of them.

    Nous y sommes tous allés. — We all went., All of us went.

    Nous y sommes toutes allées. — We all went., All of us went.

    tout de...; Elle a tout d'une mère. — She's a real mother., She's a true mother.

    en tout — all together, altogether

    tout ce que...; tout ce qu'il sait — all he knows

    C'était tout ce qu'il y a de plus chic. — It was the last word in chic., It was the ultimate in chic.

    3. nm

    Ceci forme un tout. — It forms a whole.

    Je prends le tout. — I'll take it all., I'll take the whole lot.

    le tout est de... — the main thing is to...

    4. adv
    1) (= très, complètement) very

    tout près; tout à côté — very near

    Elle habite tout près. — She lives very near.

    le tout premier; la toute première — the very first

    tout seul; toute seule — all alone

    Il est tout seul. — He's all alone.

    Elle est toute seule. — She's all alone.

    Il était tout rouge. — He was all red in the face.

    Elle était toute rouge. — She was all red in the face.

    tout de suite — immediately, straight away

    2)

    tout en... — while...

    Il a fait son travail tout en chantant. — He sang as he worked., He sang while he worked.

    tout à coup; tout d'un coup — suddenly

    tout court; Charles-Henri, pouvez-vous... — Je vous en prie, appelez-moi Charles tout court. — Charles-Henri, could you... — Please, just call me Charles.

    communication par internet, mais aussi communication tout court — communication via the internet, but also simply communication

    tout à l'heure (passé) — just now, a short while ago

    Je l'ai vu tout à l'heure. — I saw him just now., (futur) shortly, in a moment

    Je finirai ça tout à l'heure. — I'll finish it in a moment.

    * * *
    tout ⇒ Note d'usage, toute, mpl tous, fpl toutes
    A pron indéf
    1 tout ( chaque chose) everything; ( n'importe quoi) anything; ( l'ensemble) all; penser à tout to think of everything; tout est prêt everything is ready; le sucre, les graisses, le sel, tout me fait mal sugar, fat, salt, everything is bad for me; être tout pour qn to be everything to sb; tout peut arriver anything can happen; le chien mange (de) tout the dog will eat anything; tout est prétexte à querelle(s) any pretext will do to start a quarrel; tout n'est pas perdu all is not lost; tout ou rien all or nothing; tout ou partie de qch all or part of sth; tout va bien all's well, everything's fine; en tout ( au total) in all; ( entièrement) in every respect; en tout et pour tout all told; et tout ça parce que/pour and all because/for; tout bien compté or pesé or considéré all in all; tout est là fig that's the whole point; c'est tout dire I need say no more; et tout et tout○ and all that sort of thing; et ce n'est pas tout! and that's not all!; ce n'est pas tout (que) de commencer un travail, il faut le finir it's not enough ou it's all very well to start off a job, it's got to be finished; avoir tout d'un singe/assassin to look just like a monkey/murderer; ⇒ bien, monde, salaire, or;
    2 tous, toutes ( la totalité des êtres ou choses) all; (la totalité des éléments d'une catégorie, d'un groupe) all of them/us/you; nous sommes tous des pécheurs we are all sinners; le film n'est pas à la portée de tous the film is not accessible to all; merci à tous thank you all; tous ensemble all together; ce sont tous d'anciens soldats all of them are ou they are all former soldiers; il les a tous cassés he has broken all of them, he's broken them all; il l'a dit devant nous tous he said it in front of all of us; leurs enfants, tous musiciens de talent their children, all of them talented musicians; tous ne sont pas d'accord not all of them agree; toutes tant qu'elles sont all of them, each and every one of them; vous tous qui le connaissez all of you who know him; écoutez-moi tous listen to me, all of you; est-ce que ça conviendra à tous? will it suit everybody ou everyone?
    B adj
    1 ( exprimant la totalité) bois tout ton lait drink all your milk, drink up your milk; tout le reste est à jeter everything else is to be thrown away; manger tout un pain to eat a whole loaf; tout Pompéi a été enseveli the whole of Pompeii was buried; tout Nice se réjouit the whole of ou all Nice rejoiced; il a plu toute la journée it rained all day (long) ou the whole day; pendant toute une année for a whole year; la semaine se passa toute à attendre the whole ou entire week was spent waiting; j'ai passé tout mon dimanche à travailler I spent the whole of ou all Sunday working; je ne l'ai pas vu de tout l'été I haven't seen him all summer; cet enfant est toute ma vie this child is my whole life; c'est tout le plaisir que tu y trouves? is that all the pleasure ou the only pleasure it gives you?; tout le problème est là that's where the problem lies; tout cela ne compte pas none of that counts; le meilleur dentiste de toute la ville the best dentist in town; tout le monde everybody; ⇒ cœur, monde, temps;
    2 ( véritable) c'est tout un travail/événement it's quite a job/an event; il a fait toute une histoire he made a real ou big fuss, he made quite a fuss; c'est tout un art there's a whole art to it;
    3 tout ce qui/que/dont ( l'ensemble) all; ( toutes les choses) everything; ( sans discrimination) anything; tout ce qui compte all that matters; c'est tout ce que je fais that's all I do; tout ce dont j'ai besoin all I need; j'ai acheté tout ce qui était sur la liste I bought everything that was on the list; il dit tout ce qui lui passe par la tête he says anything that comes into his head; tout ce qu'il dit n'est pas vrai not all of what he says is true; tout ce que le village compte d'enfants, tout ce qu'il y a d'enfants dans le village all the children in the village; être tout ce qu'il y a de plus serviable to be most obliging; c'est tout ce qu'on fait de mieux it's the best there is; ‘tu en es sûr?’-‘tout ce qu'il y a de plus sûr’ ‘are you sure?’-‘as sure as can be’, ‘absolutely sure’;
    4 ( n'importe quel) any; à tout âge at any age; de toute nature of any kind; à toute heure du jour ou de la nuit at all times of the day or night; ‘service à toute heure’ ‘24 hour service’; à tout moment ( n'importe quand) at any time; ( sans cesse) constantly; tout prétexte leur est bon they'll jump at any excuse; toute personne qui anyone ou anybody who; toute autre solution serait rejetée any other solution would be rejected; tout autre que lui/toi aurait abandonné anybody else would have given up; toute publicité est interdite all advertising is prohibited; pour toute réclamation, s'adresser à… all complaints should be addressed to…; tout billet n'est pas valable not all tickets are valid; ⇒ vérité;
    5 (sans déterminant: total) en toute innocence/franchise in all innocence/honesty; en toute liberté with complete freedom; donner toute satisfaction to give complete satisfaction; c'est tout bénéfice it's all profit; il aurait tout intérêt à placer cet argent it would be in his best interests to invest this money; partir en toute hâte to leave in a great hurry; un jardin de toute beauté a most beautiful garden; être à toute extrémité to be close to death; ⇒ épreuve, hasard, prix, vitesse;
    6 (unique, seul) il a souri pour toute réponse his only reply was a smile, he smiled by way of a reply; on lui donne quelques légumes pour tous gages all that he gets in the way of wages is a few vegetables; elle a un chien pour toute compagnie the only company she has ou all she has for company is a dog;
    7 tous, toutes ( les uns et les autres sans distinction) all, every (+ v sg); ceci vaut pour tous les candidats this applies to all candidates ou to every candidate; en tous pays in all countries, in every country; en toutes choses in all things, in everything; toutes les pages sont déchirées all the pages are torn, every page is torn; les lettres ont toutes été signées the letters have all been signed; j'ai toutes les raisons de me plaindre I have every reason to complain; tous les hommes sont mortels all men are mortal; il a fait tous les métiers he's done all sorts of jobs; tous les prétextes leur sont bons they'll use any excuse (pour to); meubles tous budgets furniture to suit every pocket; tous deux se levèrent both of them got up, they both got up; nous irons tous les deux both of us will go, we'll both go; je les prends tous les trois/quatre etc I'm taking all three/four etc (of them);
    8 ( chaque) tous/toutes les every; à tous les coins de rue on every street corner; saisir toutes les occasions to seize every opportunity; tous les jours/mois/ans every day/month/year; tous les quarts d'heure/10 mètres every quarter of an hour/10 metres; un cachet toutes les quatre heures one tablet every four hours; tous les deux jours/mois every other day/month; tous les combien? how often?
    C adv (normally invariable, but agrees in gender and in number with feminine adjective beginning with consonant or h-aspirate)
    1 (très, extrêmement) very, quite; ( entièrement) all; tout doucement very gently; ils sont tout contents they are very happy; elles sont tout étonnées/toutes honteuses they are very surprised/ashamed; être tout excité to be very ou all excited; être tout jeune/petit to be very young/small; tout enfant, elle aimait déjà dessiner as a small child she already liked to draw; c'est tout naturel it's quite natural; des yeux tout ronds de surprise eyes wide with surprise; être tout mouillé/sale to be all wet/dirty; tout seul dans la vie all alone in life; faire qch tout seul to do sth all by oneself; c'est tout autre chose, c'est une tout autre histoire it's a different matter altogether;
    2 ( devant un nom) c'est tout le portrait de sa mère she's the spitting ou very image of her mother; c'est tout l'inverse or le contraire it's the very opposite; ça m'en a tout l'air it looks very much like it to me; tu as tout le temps d'y réfléchir you've got plenty of time to think it over; avec toi, c'est tout l'un ou tout l'autre you see everything in black and white;
    3 ( tout à fait) la toute dernière ligne the very last line; les tout premiers fruits de l'été the very first fruits of summer; j'habite tout près I live very close by ou very near; tout près de very close to, very near; tout à côté de/contre/en haut right by/against/at the top; il les a mangés tout crus he ate them raw; un gâteau tout entier a whole cake; j'en sais tout autant que lui I know just as much as he does; c'est tout aussi cher it's just as expensive; vêtue tout de noir, tout de noir vêtue dressed all in black; maison tout en longueur very long and narrow house; un jeu tout en finesse a very subtle game; une semaine toute de fatigue a very tiring week; une vie toute de soucis a life full of worry; ils étaient tout en sang/en sueur they were covered in blood/bathed in sweat; être tout en larmes to be in floods of tears; la colline est tout en fleurs the hill is a mass of flowers; elle est tout(e) à son travail she's totally absorbed in her work;
    4 ( d'avance) tout prêt ready-made; sauces/idées toutes faites ready-made sauces/ideas; des légumes tout épluchés ready-peeled vegetables; ⇒ cuit, vu;
    5 ( en même temps) while; ( bien que) although; il lisait tout en marchant he was reading as he walked; elle le défendait tout en le sachant coupable she defended him although she knew he was guilty; ⇒ en;
    6 (marquant la concession: quoique) tout aussi étrange que cela paraisse however strange it may seem; tout prudemment que l'on conduise however carefully one drives; tout malins qu'ils sont, ils… clever though they may be, they…, they may be clever, but they…; toute reine qu'elle est, elle ne peut pas faire ça she may be a queen, but she can't do that;
    7 ( rien d'autre que) être tout énergie/muscle to be all energy/muscle; être tout sourires to be all smiles; je suis tout ouïe hum I'm all ears; veste tout cuir/laine all leather/wool jacket; ⇒ feu, sucre.
    D du tout loc adv pas du tout, point du tout liter not at all; sans savoir du tout without knowing at all; je ne le vois plus du tout I don't see him at all now; il ne m'en reste plus du tout I have none left at all; crois-tu qu'il m'ait remercié? du tout! do you think he thanked me? not at all!
    E nm (pl touts)
    1 ( ensemble) former un tout to make up ou form a whole; mon tout ( charade) my whole, my all; du tout au tout completely;
    2 le tout ( la totalité) the whole lot, the lot; ( l'essentiel) the main thing; vendre le tout pour 200 euros to sell the (whole) lot for 200 euros; le tout est de réussir/qu'il réussisse the main ou most important thing is to succeed/that he should succeed; le Grand Tout Relig the Great Whole; ce n'est pas le tout○! this is no good!
    F tout- ( in compounds) le Tout-Paris/-Londres the Paris/London smart set.
    tout à coup suddenly; tout d'un coup ( soudain) suddenly; ( à la fois) all at once; tout à fait ( entièrement) quite, absolutely; ce n'est pas tout à fait vrai/pareil it's not quite true/the same thing; c'est tout à fait vrai it's quite ou absolutely true; ‘tu es d'accord?’-‘tout à fait’ ‘do you agree?’-‘absolutely’; il est tout à fait charmant he's absolutely ou perfectly charming; être tout à fait pour/contre to be totally for/against; tout à l'heure ( bientôt) in a moment; ( peu avant) a little while ago, just now; à tout à l'heure! see you later!; tout de même ( quand même) all the same, even so; ( indigné) tout de même! really!, honestly!; ( vraiment) quite; tu aurais tout de même pu faire attention! all the same ou even so you might have been careful!; c'est tout de même un peu fort! really ou honestly, it's a bit much!; c'est tout de même bizarre que it's quite strange that; tout de suite at once, straight away; ce n'est pas pour tout de suite ( ce n'est pas pressé) there's no rush; ( ce sera long) it's going to take some time.
    tout est bien qui finit bien all's well that ends well; être tout yeux tout oreilles to be very attentive.
    [tu, devant voyelle ou h muet tut ] ( féminin toute [tut], pluriel masculin tous [ adjectif tu, pronom tus], pluriel féminin toutes [tut]) adjectif qualificatif (au singulier)
    tout ceci/cela all (of) this/that
    j'ai tout mon temps I've plenty of time ou all the time in the world
    avec lui, c'est tout l'un ou tout l'autre with him, it's either (all) black or (all) white
    2. [devant un nom propre] all
    j'ai visité tout Paris en huit jours I saw all ou the whole of Paris in a week
    3. [devant un nom sans article]
    en toute franchise/simplicité in all sincerity/simplicity
    4. [avec une valeur emphatique]
    5. (comme adverbe) [entièrement] completely
    6. [unique, seul] only
    7. [suivi d'une relative]
    tout ce qui me gêne, c'est la différence d'âge the only thing ou all I'm worried about is the age difference
    ————————
    [tu, devant voyelle ou h muet tut ] ( féminin toute [tut], pluriel masculin tous [ adjectif tu, pronom tus], pluriel féminin toutes [tut]) déterminant (adjectif indéfini)
    A.[AU SINGULIER] [chaque, n'importe quel] any, all, every
    tout citoyen a des droits every citizen has rights, all citizens have rights
    pour tout renseignement, écrivez-nous for further information, write to us
    de tout temps since time immemorial, from the beginning of time
    en tout temps throughout ou all through history
    tout autre que lui aurait refusé anyone other than him ou anybody else would have refused
    B.[AU PLURIEL]
    1. [exprimant la totalité] all
    tous les hommes all men, the whole of mankind
    tous les gens everybody, everyone
    2. [devant un nom sans article]
    ils étaient 150 000, toutes disciplines/races confondues there were 150,000 of them, taking all disciplines/races together
    3. [exprimant la périodicité] every
    toutes les deux semaines every other week, every second week, every two weeks
    ————————
    [tu, devant voyelle ou h muet tut ] ( féminin toute [tut], pluriel masculin tous [ adjectif tu, pronom tus], pluriel féminin toutes [tut]) pronom indéfini
    A.[AU SINGULIER] everything, all
    [n'importe quoi] anything
    t'as tout compris! (familier) that's it!, that's right!
    ce sera tout? [dans un magasin] will be that all?, anything else?
    ce n'est pas tout de faire des enfants, il faut les élever ensuite having children is one thing, but then you've got to bring them up
    être tout pour quelqu'un to be everything for somebody, to mean everything to somebody
    on aura tout vu! now I've ou we've seen everything!
    a. [objets] that's everything
    b. [problème] that's the whole point ou the crux of the matter
    avec toi c'est tout ou rien with you, it's all or nothing ou one extreme or the other
    tout se passe comme si... it's as though...
    tout bien considéré, tout bien réfléchi all things considered
    B.[AU PLURIEL]
    1. [désignant ce dont on a parlé]
    il y a plusieurs points de vue, tous sont intéressants there are several points of view, they are all interesting
    2. [avec une valeur récapitulative] all
    Jean, Pierre, Jacques, tous voulaient la voir Jean, Pierre, Jacques, they all wanted to see her
    3. [tout le monde]
    à vous tous qui m'avez aidé, merci to all of you who helped me, thank you
    tous tant ou autant que nous sommes all of us, every (single) one of us
    tout ( féminin toute, pluriel féminin toutes) adverbe (s'accorde en genre et en nombre devant un adjectif féminin commençant par une consonne ou un h aspiré)
    1. [entièrement, tout à fait] quite, very, completely
    sa chevelure était toute hérissée his/her hair was all messy
    ses tout premiers mots his/her very first words
    tout mouillé wet ou soaked through, drenched
    tout simplement/autrement quite simply/differently
    téléphone-moi, tout simplement just phone me, that's the easiest (way)
    une toile tout coton a 100% cotton cloth, an all cotton material
    il est toute bonté/générosité he is goodness/generosity itself
    ça, c'est tout lui! that's typical of him ou just like him!
    2. [en intensif]
    tout en haut/bas right at the top/bottom
    3. [déjà]
    tout prêt ou préparé ready-made
    tout bébé, elle dansait déjà even as a baby, she was already dancing
    4. (avec un gérondif) [indiquant la simultanéité]
    [indiquant la concession]
    tout en avouant son ignorance dans ce domaine, il continuait à me contredire although he'd confessed his ignorance in that field, he kept on contradicting me
    tout nom masculin
    1. [ensemble] whole
    mon tout est un instrument de musique [dans une charade] my whole ou all is a musical instrument
    2. [l'essentiel]
    le tout the main ou the most important thing
    ce n'est pas le tout, mais je dois partir (familier) that's all very well, but I've got to go now
    ce n'est pas le tout de critiquer, il faut pouvoir proposer autre chose it's not enough to criticize, you've got to be able to suggest something else
    jouer ou risquer le tout pour le tout to risk (one's) all
    c'est un tout it's all the same, it makes no difference
    ————————
    du tout locution adverbiale
    je vous dérange? — du tout, du tout! am I disturbing you? — not at all ou not in the least!
    ————————
    en tout locution adverbiale
    1. [au total] in total, in all
    2. [exactement] exactly, entirely
    en tout et pour tout locution adverbiale
    en tout et pour tout, nous avons dépensé 300 euros all in all, we've spent 300 euros
    tout à coup locution adverbiale
    tout à fait locution adverbiale
    1. [complètement] quite, fully, absolutely
    2. [exactement] exactly
    c'est tout à fait ce que je cherche/le même it's exactly what I've been looking for/the same
    3. [oui] certainly
    ————————
    tout de même locution adverbiale
    1. [malgré tout] all the same, even so
    j'irai tout de même all the same, I'll still go
    2. [en intensif]
    tout de même, tu exagères! steady on!, that's a bit much!
    ————————
    tout de suite locution adverbiale
    1. [dans le temps] straight away, right away, at once
    2. [dans l'espace] immediately
    ————————
    tout... que locution conjonctive
    tout directeur qu'il est ou qu'il soit,... he may well be the boss,...

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > tout

  • 20 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

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